1 января 1864 г. Александр II утвер

1 января 1864 г. Александр II утвердил “Положение о губернских и уездных земских учреждениях” — законодательный акт, которым вводилось земство.
Надо учитывать, что для страны, большинство населения которой составляли крестьяне, только что освободившиеся от крепостной зависимости, введение органов местного самоуправления было значительным шагом в развитии политической культуры. Избираемые различными сословиями русского общества, земские учреждения принципиально отличались от корпоративно-сословных организаций, таких, как дворянские собрания. Крепостники возмущались тем, что на скамье в земском собрании “сидит вчерашний раб рядом со своим недавним хозяином”. Действительно, в земствах были представлены различные сословия — дворяне, чиновники, духовенство, купцы, промышленники, мещане и крестьяне.
Члены земских собраний именовались гласными. Председателями собраний были руководители дворянского самоуправления — предводители дворянства. Собрания формировали исполнительные органы — уездные и губернские земские управы. Земства получали право собирать налоги для своих нужд и нанимать служащих.
Сфера деятельности новых органов всесословного самоуправления была ограничена лишь хозяйственно-культурными делами: содержанием местных путей сообщения, попечением о медицинской помощи населения, о народном образовании, местной торговле и промышленности, народном продовольствии и т.д. Новые органы всесословного самоуправления были введены лишь на уровне губерний и уездов. Отсутствовало центральное земское представительство, не было и мелкой земской единицы в волости. Современники остроумно называли земство “зданием без фундамента и крыши”. Лозунг “увенчания здания” стал с той поры главным лозунгом русских либералов на протяжении 40 лет — вплоть до создания Государственной думы.


















ГОРОДСКАЯ РЕФОРМА (1870 Г.)


Вступление России на путь капитализма ознаменовалось бурным развитием городов, изменением социальной структуры их населения, привело к возрастанию роли городов как центров экономической, общественно-политической и культурной жизни страны.
Городской реформой 1870 г. были созданы всесословные органы местного самоуправления . Распорядительные функции теперь возлагались уже не на все городское общество, а на его представительный орган — думу. Выборы в думу происходили раз в четыре года. Число членов думы — гласных — было довольно значительным: в зависимости от численности избирателей в городе — от 30 до 72 человек. В столичных думах гласных было намного больше: в Московской — 180, Петербургской — 252. На заседании думы избирался исполнительный орган общественного управления — управа и городской голова, который являлся председателем одновременно исполнительного и распорядительного органов.
Избирательное право базировалось на буржуазном имущественном цензе. Право участия в выборах независимо от сословия получали владельцы недвижимой собственности, облагаемой налогом в пользу города, а также лица, уплачивающие ему определенные торгово-промышленные сборы. Избирательным правом в качестве юридического лица также пользовались разные ведомства, учреждения, общества, компании, церкви, монастыри. Принимать личное участие в голосовании дозволялось только мужчинам, достигшим 25-летнего возраста. Женщины, обладавшие необходимым избирательным цензом, могла участвовать в выборах лишь через своих доверенных лиц.Фактически лишенными избирательного права оказались наемные рабочие, в подавляющем большинстве не владевшие недвижимой собственностью, а также представители образованной части населения, люди умственного труда: инженеры, врачи, преподаватели, чиновники, в основном не имевшие собственных домов, а снимавшие квартиры.
На новые общественные учреждения были возложены задачи по управлению муниципальным хозяйством. В их ведение передавался широкий круг вопросов городского хозяйства и благоустройства: водоснабжение, канализация, уличное освещение, транспорт, озеленение, градостроительные проблемы и т.п. Городские думы были обязаны заботиться и об “общественном благосостоянии”: оказывать содействие в обеспечении населения продовольствием, принимать меры против пожаров и других бедствий, способствовать охране “народного здравия” (устраивать больницы, помогать полиции в проведении санитарно-гигиенических мероприятий), принимать меры против нищенства, способствовать распространению народного образования (учреждать школы, музеи и т.д.).











СУДЕБНАЯ РЕФОРМА (1864 Г.)

Судебные уставы 20 ноября 1864 г. решительно порвали с дореформенным судоустройством и судопроизводством. Новый суд строился на бессословных началах, были провозглашены несменяемость судей, независимость суда от администрации, гласность, устность и состязательность судопроизводства; при рассмотрении уголовных дел в окружном суде предусматривалось участие присяжных заседателей. Это все характерные признаки буржуазного суда.
Мировой суд создавался в уездах и городах для рассмотрения малозначительных уголовных дел. Мировому суду были подсудны дела, за совершение которых следовало наказание в виде выговора, замечания или внушения, денежного штрафа не свыше 300 р., ареста не свыше трех месяцев или тюремное заключение не свыше года.
При рассмотрении уголовных дел в окружном суде предусматривался институт присяжных заседателей. Он был введен, несмотря на сопротивление консервативных сил и даже нежелание самого Александра II. Они мотивировали свое отрицательное отношение к идее присяжных зас

Результаты (английский) 1:

January 1, 1864 Alexander II approved the "regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions" — an act which imposed administration.It is necessary to consider that in a country where the majority of the population were peasants, just freed from serfdom, the introduction of local Government was a significant step in the development of political culture. Elected by the various classes of Russian society, ZEMSKOV institutions is fundamentally different from the corporate organizations, such as the noble Assembly. The Serf-owners resented the fact that on the bench in the Zemsky meeting "yesterday's slave sits next to his recent master". Indeed, the zemstvah were presented to the various estates, nobles, officials, clergy, merchants, industrialists, burghers and peasants.Member of County Assembly were called vowels. The Chairmen of the meeting were the heads of noble self-government — leaders of the nobility. Assembly formed the Executive Branch — County and provincial regional administration. Country councils have the right to collect taxes for their needs and hire employees.The new Russian Government authorities has been limited to economic and Cultural Affairs: content of local communications, medical care for the population, the National Education Act, regional trade and industry, national food etc the new bodies Russian Government were introduced only at the level of provinces and districts. There was no central State mission, and a small school in the parish. Contemporaries wittily called zemstvo "building without basement and roof. The slogan "uvenčaniâ building" was the main slogan of Russian liberals for 40 years, until the establishment of the State Duma.URBAN reform (1870 ad)Russia on the path of capitalism was marked by rapid development of cities, changing the social structure of their populations has led to increasing the role of cities as centres of economic, social, political and cultural life of the country.Urban reform 1870 d. vsesoslovnye were created local governments. Administrative functions now assigned are not all urban society, and its representative body, the Duma. Duma elections occur every four years. The number of members of the Duma-vowels — was quite significant: depending on the number of voters in the city, ranging from 30 to 72 people. In the capital's thoughts of vowels was much higher: in Moscow, St. Petersburg, 180-252. At a meeting of the Duma elected executive body of public administration — the Council and Mayor, who served as President of both the Executive and administrative bodies.Suffrage was based on bourgeois property qualification. The right to vote regardless of the estates were the owners of real property taxable in favor of the city, as well as those who pay him certain business taxes. The right to vote as a legal entity also enjoyed the different departments, agencies, societies, companies, churches, monasteries. Take a personal part in voting allowed only men who have reached the age of 25. Women who have the necessary qualifications to vote, to participate in elections only through their proxies effectively deprived of suffrage were salaried workers, the vast majority not owned immovable property, as well as representatives of the educated, the people of intellectual work: engineers, doctors, teachers, civil servants, mostly did not have their own houses, and left the apartment.The new social institutions were responsible for management of municipal services. They passed a broad range of issues and improvement of municipal services: water supply, sewerage, street lighting, transportation, greening, urban problems, etc., the city had a duty to take care of the "public welfare": to assist in providing the population with food, take action against fire and other calamities, contribute to the protection of people's health "(to the hospital to assist the police in carrying out sanitation activities), take action against begging, to promote national education (set up schools, museums, etc.).JUDICIAL REFORM (1864 ad)Legal statutes of November 20, 1864 strongly broke with the pre-reform judicial system and court proceedings. The new Court was built on a bessoslovnyh basis, as the irremovability of judges, the independence of the judiciary from the Administration, public, oral and adversarial proceedings; in criminal cases in the District Court, provided for the participation of jurors. It's all the typical signs of bourgeois Court.The World Court was set up in counties and cities to deal with minor criminal cases. The World Court had jurisdiction over the case, which should be punishable by reprimand, comments or suggestion, a fine not exceeding $ 300, not exceeding three months of arrest or imprisonment of not more than one year.In criminal cases in the District Court, provided for the jury. It has been introduced, despite the resistance of conservative forces and even reluctance of Alexander II. They were motivated by their opposition to the idea of a jury of SaaS

Результаты (английский) 3:

1 January 1864, Alexander II approved "The situation of the Romany and county provincial administration headquarters" - the legislative act, which imposed Kirillov.
must take into account that, for the country,The majority of the population were peasants, only that liberated from bondages, the introduction of local self-government was a significant step in the development of a political culture.Elected by various that interests of Russian society, земские institutions is fundamentally different from corporate all Belgians are organizations, such as the romance. Крепостники resent order,That presides over a meeting in from Povenets "sitting yesterday's job next to its recent master". Indeed, the земствах were presented various coffeehouses - very indistinct, officials, clergy, merchants, industrialists,townspeople and peasants.
the provincial administration association called transparent. The Chairmen of the Assembly were the leaders nobility self-government - rulers clawing.The Assembly formed the executive authorities, county and municipal policeman земские. Despite numerous prohibitions have received the right to collect the taxes for their needs and hire employees.
The scope of new bodies всесословного self-government was to be limited to household and cultural affairs: the content of local ways to messages, care of the medical assistance population,The national education act, the local trade and industry, people's food, etc. . New bodies всесословного self-government were imposed only at the level province and county.There was no central court ordered the mission, it was not fine people units in the township. Photography wittily called Kirillov "building without foundation and roof".The motto "увенчания buildings" has become the main slogan pores Russian liberals for 40 years - until the State Duma.


















Urban Reform (1870 g.)


The entry into force of Russia on the path marked by capitalism thriving cities, and changing social structure of their population, resulted in an increase in the role of cities as economic centers,Socio-political and cultural life of the country.
urban reform 1870. have been established всесословные bodies of local self-government. Scheduling functions are now pinned already does not at all urban society,And the representative body, Duma. The Duma election took place every four years. The number of members of parliament - transparent - there was a fairly significant: depending on the size of the electorate in the city - 30 to 72 people.In capital vowels unawareness was so much more: in Moscow - 180, St. Petersburg - 252. The Duma was elected the executive body public management - encyclopaedia and the urban, the headWho was the chairman of the executive board at a time and regulatory bodies.
electoral law was based on the bourgeois property franchise.The right of participation in the elections regardless of lowly received the owners property, taxable in favor of the city, as well as the person who is paying him certain trade and industry fees.The right to vote as a legal person also enjoy different departments, institutions, society, business, churches, monasteries. To participate in the vote been allowed only to men,At age 25-years of age. Women, remained elusive necessary electoral may, could participate in the elections only through their trusted persons.in fact deprived electoral law were wage earners working,The vast majority are not drs representing immovable property, as well as the representatives of the educated part of the population, people mental labor: engineers, doctors, teachers, officials,In the main do not have their own homes, and maybe apartments.
the new public institutions have been entrusted with the tasks of the municipal management.In their maintenance was fed a wide range of issues urban and slum: water supply, sewerage, street lighting, transport, greening, posse problems, etc. ).City Council had an obligation to care for and about the "public welfare": to assist in the provision of food, to take measures against fires and other disasters,To contribute to protection of the "people's mayor" (about hospitals, to help police in the health and sanitation activities), to take action against begging,Contribute to the dissemination of education (establish schools, museums, etc. ) .











JUDICIAL REFORM (1864 g.) lord judicial statutes on 20 November 1864.Strongly denied admission to pre-reform судоустроиством and judicial proceedings. The new court was built on the бессословных footing, have been proclaimed irremovability of judges, the independence of the court from the administration, transparency,Устность and seizure proceedings; in criminal cases in the district court provided for the participation of the jurors. This is all typical signs of severe disruption of court.
The court was established in the counties and cities for the consideration of minor criminal cases. The World Court has been often hears cases, for which the death penalty should have been punished in the form of a reprimand, observations or formatively,Cash fine is not more than 300 r., arrest is not more than three months or imprisonment not more than year.
in criminal cases in the district court provided the institute of the jurors. He has been entered,In spite of the resistance forces and even the reluctance of Alexander II. They rested their negative attitude to the idea jury AOS