15. Внешняя политика России во втор

15. Внешняя политика России во второй половине XIX – начале XX века.
Важный аспект внешней политики России во второй половине 19 века связан с Крымской войной. Причины Крымской войны коренились главным образом именно в столкновении колониальных интересов России и Англии, а также России и Франции, отчасти России и Австрии на Ближнем Востоке и Балканах. И Англия в союзе с Францией, и Россия стремились в Крымской войне к одинаковой цели, т.е. к господству в указанных районах, хотя и разными путями: Англия и Франция, которым выгодно было иметь в лице Турции постоянный противовес и угрозу России, предпочитали закабалить Турецкую империю, тогда как Россия хотела уничтожить ее. Турция, в свою очередь, преследовала давнюю цель отторгнуть от России Крым и Кавказ. Словом, Крымская война была захватнической, грабительской со стороны всех ее участников. Ближайшим поводом к войне послужил спор между католическим и православным духовенством о так называемых "святых местах" в Иерусалиме, т.е. о том, в чьем ведении должен находиться "гроб Господень" и кому чинить купол Вифлеемского храма, где по преданию, родился Иисус Христос. Поскольку право решать этот вопрос принадлежало султану, Николай I и Наполеон III, оба искавшие поводов для нажима на Турцию, вмешались в спор: первый, естественно, на стороне православной церкви, второй - на стороне католической. Религиозная распря вылилась в дипломатический конфликт. В ноябре 1853 адмирал Нахимов во главе эскадры из шести линейных кораблей и двух фрегатов напал на османский флот и сжег почти все османские суда и разрушил береговые укрепления. Блестящая победа русского флота при Синопе явилась поводом для прямого вмешательства Англии и Франции, они объявляют России войну. Судьба войны решалась в Крыму, хотя военные действия велись и на Дунае, и в Закавказье, и в ряде других мест. В начале 1854 началась героическая оборона Севастополя, продолжавшаяся 11 месяцев. Оборону возглавил вице-адмирал Корнилов, а после его гибели - Нахимов, который в конце июня во время интенсивного обстрела города был смертельно ранен. Положение Севастополя оказалось безнадежным, поэтому было принято решение оставить крепость. Падение Севастополя предрешило исход войны. 18 марта 1856 г. был подписан Парижский мирный трактат, по условию которого Россия лишилась южной части Бессарабии с устьем Дуная, и черное море стало «демилитаризованной» зоной, России и Османской империи запрещалось иметь на черном море военный флот, а на берегах военные крепости и арсеналы. Следовательно, в случае войны Черноморское побережье России оказывалось беззащитным. Трактат лишал Россию права защиты интересов православного населения на османской территории, покровительства Сербии и Дунайским княжествам, что существенно ослабляло влияние России на ближневосточные процессы. Поражение крепостной России подорвало ее престиж на мировой арене. Крымская война способствовала дальнейшему углублению кризиса феодально-крепостнической системы России. Крымская война явилась сильнейшим толчком к развалу внутренней социальной базы самодержавия. Царизм, по словам Ф. Энгельса, скомпрометировал в этой войне не только "Россию перед всем миром", но и "самого себя перед Россией". Война обострила всеобщую ненависть россиян к феодально-крепостническому режиму и поставила в порядок дня вопрос об уничтожении крепостного права. Словом, Крымская война ускорила назревание революционной ситуации, которая вынудила царизм отменить крепостное право. Таким образом, если крепостнический режим внутри страны привел к внешнеполитическому краху царизма в Крымской войне, то внешнеполитический крах царизма, в свою очередь, ускорил падение крепостнического режима в России.

Результаты (английский) 1:

15. The foreign policy of Russia in the second half of XIX-beginning of XX century.An important aspect of Russia's foreign policy in the second half of the 19th century is connected with the Crimean War. Causes for Crimean War stemmed primarily a clash of colonial interests in Russia and England, as well as Russia and France, Austria and Russia partly in the Middle East and the Balkans. And England allied with France and Russia sought in the Crimean War to the same purpose, i.e. to dominate in these areas, though in different ways: England and France, which have been profitable in the face of Turkey and Russia, permanent as opposed to threat, preferred to enslave the Turkish Empire, while Russia wanted to destroy her. Turkey, in turn, had a long-standing seceding from Russia, Crimea, and Caucasus. In short, the Crimean War was aggressive, predatory on the part of all participants. The closest the war served as a dispute between the Catholic and Orthodox clergy of the so-called "holy places" in Jerusalem, i.e. running must be "Holy Sepulchre" and who repair the dome of the Bethlehem Church, where according to the legend, Jesus Christ was born. Since the right to decide the issue belonged to the Sultan of Turkey, Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III, both searched for reasons to pressure on Turkey, intervened in the dispute: first, naturally, on the side of the Orthodox Church, the second-the Catholic side. Religious feuds resulted in diplomatic conflict. In November 1853 Admiral Nakhimov led squadron of six ships of the line and two frigates attacked the Ottoman fleet and burned nearly all Ottoman ships and destroyed coastal fortifications. The brilliant victory of the Russian fleet at Sinop was the occasion for direct intervention by Britain and France, they declare war on Russia. Destiny war was solved in Crimea, although military operations were conducted and on the Danube and in the Caucasus, and in several other places. In early 1854 began the heroic defense of Sevastopol, which lasted 11 months. The defense was headed by Vice Admiral Kornilov and Nakhimov-after his death, that is in late June during intensive shelling of the city was mortally wounded. Status of Sevastopol has proved hopeless, so it was decided to leave the fortress. The fall of Sevastopol predrešilo outcome of the war. 18 March 1856, Paris was signed the peace treatise, condition which Russia lost the southern Bessarabia from the mouth of the Danube and the Black Sea was a "demilitarized" zone of Russia and the Ottoman Empire were forbidden to have a military fleet in the Black Sea and on the shores of the military fortresses and arsenals. Therefore, in the event of war the Black Sea coast of Russia proved helpless. A treatise of the defence of the interests of Russia denied the Orthodox population on Ottoman territory, patronage of Serbia and Danubian principalities, which significantly weakened the influence of Russia on the Middle East process. Defeat the fortress Russia undermined its prestige on the world stage. The Crimean War had contributed to a further deepening of the crisis of the feudal serfdom system in Russia. The Crimean War was the strongest impetus for the collapse of domestic social base of autocracy. Tsarism, according to f. Engels, compromised in this war not only "Russia before the whole world", but also "himself to Russia". The war exacerbated the universal hatred of Russians to feudal krepostničeskomu regime and put on the agenda the issue of destruction of serfdom. In short, the Crimean War accelerated the emergence of the revolutionary situation which forced the tsarism abolish serfdom. Thus, if the krepostničeskij regime inside the country led to the foreign policy of the Tsarist collapse in the Crimean War, the collapse of foreign Kings, in turn, accelerated the fall of the feudal regime in Russia.

Результаты (английский) 2:

15. The foreign policy of Russia in second half XIX -. The beginning of XX century
An important aspect of Russia's foreign policy in the second half of the 19th century is connected with the Crimean War. The reasons for the Crimean War were rooted mainly just in the clash colonial interests of Russia and England, as well as Russia and France, part of Russia and Austria in the Middle East and the Balkans. Both Britain in alliance with France and Russia in the Crimean War aspired to the same goal, ie, to dominate in these regions, albeit in different ways, Britain and France, which have been beneficial to have in Turkey face a constant counterweight and a threat to Russia, preferred to enslave the Turkish Empire, whereas Russia wants to destroy her. Turkey, in turn, pursued a long goal deprive Russia of Crimea and the Caucasus. In short, the Crimean war was the aggressive, predatory on the part of all participants. The immediate cause for the war served as a dispute between the Catholic and Orthodox clergy of the so-called "holy places" in Jerusalem, that is, that in whose jurisdiction should be "the tomb of the Lord" and to whom to repair the dome of the temple of Bethlehem, where according to tradition, Jesus Christ was born. Since the right to decide this question belonged to the Sultan, Nicholas I and Napoleon III of, both looking for reasons to put pressure on Turkey, intervened in the dispute: the first, of course, on the side of the Orthodox Church, the second - on the side of the Catholic. Religious strife resulted in a diplomatic conflict. In November 1853, Admiral Nakhimov headed a squadron of six ships of the line and two frigates attacked the Ottoman fleet and burned almost all Ottoman ships and destroyed the coastal fortifications. The brilliant victory of the Russian fleet at Sinope was a pretext for direct intervention of Britain and France, they declare war on Russia. The fate of the war was decided in the Crimea, although military operations were carried out and on the Danube and in the Caucasus, and in several other places. In early 1854 began the heroic defense of Sevastopol, which lasted 11 months. The defense was led by Vice-Admiral Kornilov, and after his death - Nakhimov, who in late June during heavy shelling of the city, was mortally wounded. The situation appeared hopeless Sevastopol, so it was decided to leave the fortress. The fall of Sevastopol prejudge the outcome of the war. March 18, 1856 was signed the Paris peace treaty, under which Russia lost the southern part of Bessarabia to the mouth of the Danube and the Black Sea became a "demilitarized" zone, Russia and the Ottoman Empire was forbidden to be on the Black Sea Navy, and on the banks of the military fortress arsenals. Consequently, in the event of war, the Black Sea coast of Russia are vulnerable. Treatise deprived Russia of protecting the interests of the Orthodox population in the Ottoman territories, protection of Serbia and the Danubian Principalities, which significantly weaken Russia's influence in the Middle East peace process. The defeat of the Russian land has undermined its prestige on the world stage. The Crimean War contributed to the further deepening of the feudal system in Russia crisis. The Crimean War was the strongest impetus to the collapse of domestic social base of autocracy. The tsarist government, according to Engels, compromised in this war is not only the "Russian to the world", but also "itself to Russia." The war exacerbated the general hatred of the Russians to the feudal regime and put on the agenda the question of the abolition of serfdom. In short, the Crimean War accelerated the maturing of a revolutionary situation, which forced the tsarist government to abolish serfdom. Thus, if the feudal regime has led to the collapse of tsarist foreign policy in the Crimean War in the country, the collapse of tsarist foreign policy, in turn, accelerated the fall of the feudal regime in Russia.

Результаты (английский) 3:

15. russian foreign policy in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century.an important aspect of foreign policy of russia in the second half of the 19th century, associated with the crimean war. the causes of the crimean war be rooted primarily in a colonial interests of russia and england, as well as russia and france, part of russia and austria in the middle east and the balkans. and britain in alliance with france and russia have sought in the crimean war to the same goal, i.e. to dominate in these areas, although in different ways: england and france, who benefit from it have to face the threat to turkey and russia tended to subsume it turkish empire, while russia wanted to destroy it. turkey, in turn, had a long-standing goal win against russia, crimea, and the caucasus. the word, the crimean war was annexation, extortionate by all participants. the immediate cause for the war was a dispute between the catholic and orthodox clergy of the so-called "holy places in jerusalem, i.e. about whose responsibility should be "sepulchre" and someone to fix both the bethlehem church dome, where according to the legend, the birth of jesus christ. since the right to decide the question belonged to the sultan, nicholas i, and napoleon iii, both seeking the causes for pressure on turkey intervened in the dispute: the first, of course, on the side of the orthodox church, and the second on the catholic side. religious feud turned into a diplomatic conflict. in november 1853, admiral nakhimov led a squadron of six battleships and two frigates attacked the ottoman fleet and burned almost all ottoman court and destroyed the coastal fortifications. a brilliant victory russian fleet at sinope was the cause for the direct intervention of britain and france, they declare war on russia. the fate of war has been in crimea, although the military action took place and on the danube, and in the caucasus, and in several other places. in early 1854 began a heroic defence of sevastopol, lasted 11 months. defense led by vice admiral kornilov, and after his death, nakhimov, which at the end of june during the intensive shelling of the city was mortally wounded. the situation of sevastopol was hopeless, so it was decided to leave the fortress. the предрешило sevastopol in the outcome of the war. 18 march 1856). signed the paris peace treatise, on the condition that russia lost the southern bessarabia from the mouth of the danube and the black sea was a "демилитаризованной» zone of russia and the ottoman empire was restricted to the black sea military fleet, and on the shores of military forts and arsenals. therefore, in the event of war, the black sea coast of russia was helpless. treatise die russia law protect the interests of the orthodox population in the ottoman territory, as serbia and дунайским княжествам, significantly on the