31. Индустриализация и коллективиза

31. Индустриализация и коллективизация в СССР и их последствия.
В годы гражданской войны активно шел процесс советского национально-государственного строительства. В 1918 в составе РФ была создана Туркестанская АР, в 1919 Башкирская АР, 1920 - Киргизская, 1925 - Казахская и Татарская . В 1921-22 были образованы также Дагестанская, Горская, Якутская, Аджарская и Абхазская АР. В процессе национально-государственного строительства в начале 20х гг. в России были созданы также одиннадцать АО. Одновременно продолжали укрепляться межреспубликанские связи в области военного и хозяйственного строительства. К концу 1941 в СССР было 16 союзных республик, автономных -20, АО - 9, национальных округов -10. Независимость всех этих государств, естественно, была относительной. Во-первых, подавляющее превосходство РСФСР. Во-вторых, сосредоточение власти в партийном руководстве. Во время гражданской войны, как считалось, образовался «военно-политический» союз республик - фактически общее военное командование, единая социально-экономическая политика. Долгое время СССР расценивался как образец решения национального вопроса. Однако исторический опыт показал: найденное решение национального вопроса не было наилучшим из всех возможных решений. С одной стороны, «союзное» устройство государства было во многом фикцией, реальная власть неизменно оставалась в руках центрального партийного руководства. С другой стороны, разделение страны по национальному принципу неизбежно порождало опасность сепаратизма (стремления к отделению от единого государства). Опыт развития других многонациональных государств (например, США) показывает предпочтительность чисто административно-территориального деления страны. При этом равенство всех национальных групп обеспечивается независимо от районов их проживания. Можно сказать, что реализация ленинского проекта заложила «мину замедленного действия» под созданное многонациональное государство. Пока существовал тоталитарный режим, он «железной рукой» сдерживал межнациональные противоречия. После же его падения они проявились, как мы видим сейчас, со всей остротой. Перед страной в 20 годы 20 века очевидной стала проблема модернизации. Сталинский вариант модернизации: индустриализация и коллективизация. Начало политики индустриализации законодательно закреплено в апреле 1927 года на IV съезде Советов СССР. Цели индустриализации: 1)Превращение страны из аграрной в индустриальную, 2)Преодоление технико-экономической отсталости страны, 3)Достижение экономической независимости, 4)Создание мощной тяжелой и оборонной промышленности, 5)Формирование машинно-технической базы в сельском хозяйстве для проведения коллективизации. Индустриализация меняет систему управления промышленностью: чрезмерная централизация, директивное командование. Не разведены функции хозяйственных и партийных органов, которые постоянно вмешивались в деятельность промышленных предприятий. Первый пятилетний план 1928-1933. Главная задача пятилетки - превращение страны из аграрно-индустриальной в индустриальную. Начинается сооружение предприятий металлургии, тракторостроения, автомобилестроения, авиастроения. Ускоренные темпы индустриализации потребовали увеличения капиталовложений, перекачиваются средства из аграрного сектора, выпускаются займы, эмиссия денег, углубляется инфляция. Первый пятилетний план не был выполнен. Вторая пятилетка. 1933-1937. Приоритет в развитии тяжелой индустрии в ущерб легкой промышленности. Главная экономическая задача - завершить реконструкцию народного хозяйства на основе новейшей техники. Плановые задания были более реальными. Завершение плана было объявлено досрочным. Масштабы промышленных строительств заражали энтузиазмом советских людей. Трудовой энтузиазм во многом определил итоги индустриализации. Особенности индустриализации: Высокие темпы и сжатые исторические сроки, Развитие тяжелой промышленности в ущерб легкой и перекачка средств из аграрного сектора. Итоги и последствия: Реконструирована материально- техническая база народного хозяйства. Созданы новые отрасли промышленности, Достигнута экономическая независимость.

Результаты (английский) 1:

31. Industrialisation and collectivisation in the USSR and their consequences.During the civil war was the process of active Soviet nation-building. In 1918, comprising the RUSSIAN FEDERATION was formed Turkestan ar 1919 Bashkirian Autonomous Republic, 1920-1925 Kyrgyz, Kazakh and Tatar. In 1921-22 was formed also Dagestan, Gorskaya, Yakut, Ajaria and Abkhazia. In the process of nation-building in the early twenties. in Russia, eleven have also been established. At the same time inter-Republican ties continued to be strengthened in the field of military and economic construction. By the end of 1941 in the USSR was 16 Soviet republics, autonomous -20, sa-9, national districts -10. The independence of all these States, naturally, was a relative. Firstly, the overwhelming superiority of the RSFSR. Secondly, the concentration of power in the party leadership. During the civil war, as it was believed, formed a "political-military" Union Republics is actually common, unified military command of socio-economic policies. Long time SOVIET UNION qualify as sample solution national question. But historical experience shows: the solution of the national question was not the best of all possible solutions. On the one hand, the "Union State's" structure of the State was largely fiction, real power remained in the hands of the Central Party leadership. On the other hand, the Division of the country by national principle inevitably entailed the danger of separatism (the desire to separate from the unitary State). The development experience of other multi-ethnic States (e.g. United States) shows a preference for purely administrative-territorial division of the country. When you do this, the equality of all ethnic groups is ensured regardless of the areas where they live. It can be said that the implementation of the project "Lenin laid accident waiting to happen" under the newly created multinational State. While there was a totalitarian regime, "iron hand" restrained interethnic contradictions. After his fall, they appeared as we see now with all severity. The country's 20 years of 20 century, the obvious was the problem of modernization. Stalin's modernisation: industrialization and collectivization. The beginning of industrial policy is enshrined in April 1927 year at the 4th Congress of the Soviets of the USSR. Industrialization: 1) Turning the country from an agrarian to industrial, 2) overcoming the techno-economic backwardness of the country, 3) achieving economic independence, 4) to create a powerful heavy and defense industries, 5) forming machine-technical base for agriculture of collectivization. Industrialization change the system of industrial governance: excessive centralization, Supreme command. Not bred economic function and party organs, which constantly interfered in the activity of industrial enterprises. The first five-year plan, 1928-1933. The main task of the five-year period-the transformation of the country from the agro-industrial industrial. Starts construction of industrial enterprises of metallurgy, aviation, automotive, tractor. The accelerated pace of industrialization demanded increased investment, are funds from the agricultural sector, issued loans, issuance of money, inflation deepens. The first five year plan was not executed. The second five-year plan. 1933-1937. Priority in the development of heavy industry to the detriment of the consumer industry. The main economic task is to complete the reconstruction of the national economy on the basis of the latest technology. Targets were more real. Completion of the plan was announced early. Scale industrial constructions infected the enthusiasm of the Soviet people. Labor enthusiasm largely determined the results of industrialization. Features of industrialization: the high rates and tight historical terms, the development of heavy industry to the detriment of the consumer and pumping funds from the agricultural sector. Outcomes and impacts: Reconstructed material-technical base of the national economy. Created new industries, Achieved economic independence.

Результаты (английский) 2:

31. The industrialization and collectivization in the Soviet Union and its consequences.
During the Civil War was an active process of the Soviet nation-building. In 1918, the Turkestan Autonomous Republic was established within the Russian Federation, in 1919 the Bashkir Autonomous Republic, 1920 - Kyrgyz, 1925 - Kazakh and Tatar. In 1921-22 it was also formed Dagestan, Highland, Yakut, and Adjara Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia. In the process of nation-building in the beginning of 20th years. also eleven JSC were established in Russia. At the same time we continue to strengthen inter-republican relations in the field of military and economic construction. By the end of 1941 in the USSR there were 16 union republics, autonomous -20, AO - 9, -10 national districts. The independence of these countries, of course, was a relative. First, the overwhelming superiority of the RSFSR. Secondly, the concentration of power in the party leadership. During the Civil War, it was believed, it was formed "military-political" union republics - in fact the overall military command, a single socio-economic policies. For a long time the USSR was regarded as a model of solving the national question. However, historical experience has shown that the obtained solution of the national question was not the best of all possible solutions. On the one hand, the "union" of the state apparatus was largely a fiction, the real power has always remained in the hands of the central party leadership. On the other hand, the division of the country along national lines inevitably creates the danger of separatism (the desire for separation from a single state). Experience in the development of other multinational states (eg, the US) shows a preference for a purely administrative-territorial division of the country. At the same time the equality of all ethnic groups is ensured, regardless of where they live. It can be said that the implementation of Lenin's project has laid the "time bomb" under the established multinational state. While there was a totalitarian regime, it is "an iron hand" holding back ethnic conflict. And after his fall they appeared, as we see now, with all sharpness. The country in the 20 years of the 20th century, it became evident that the problem of modernization. The Stalinist version of modernization: industrialization and collectivization. Start of the industrialization policy enshrined in law in April 1927 at the IV Congress of Soviets of the USSR. Industrialization Objectives: 1) Conversion of the country from an agrarian into an industrial country, 2) Overcoming the technical and economic backwardness of the country, 3) Achieving economic independence, 4) creation of a powerful heavy and defense industries, 5) Formation of machine-technical base in agriculture for collectivization. Industrialization changing industry management system: excessive centralization, command directive. Not divorced function of economic and Party bodies, which constantly interfered in the activities of industrial enterprises. The first five-year plan 1928-1933. Five main task - to transform the country from an agrarian-industrial to industrial. It begins construction of enterprises of metallurgy, tractor, automotive, aerospace. The accelerated pace of industrialization demanded increased investments, pumped money from the agricultural sector, issued loans, currency issue, deepening inflation. The first five-year plan was not executed. Second Five-Year Plan. 1933-1937. The priority in the development of heavy industry to the detriment of light industry. The main economic task - to complete the reconstruction of the national economy based on the latest technology. Targets have been more realistic. Completion of the plan was announced early. The scale of industrial construction were infected with the enthusiasm of the Soviet people. Labor enthusiasm largely determined the outcome of industrialization. Features of industrialization: The high rates and short historical period, development of heavy industry at the expense of light and transfer of funds from the agricultural sector. Results and implications: Reconstructed material and technical base of the national economy. Created new industries, to achieve economic independence.

Результаты (английский) 3:

31. industrialization and collectivization in the ussr and their implications.during the civil war, actively followed the soviet national state building process. in 1918, the russian turkestan e was created in 1919 bashkir e, 1920 - 1925 - kazakh and kirghiz, 2008. in 1921 - 22 were educated as dagestan, mountain, yakut, ajaria and abkhaz e. in the process of state building in early 20"s. in russia were also eleven ao. at the same time, continue to strengthen межреспубликанские communications for military and economic construction. by the end of 1941 in the soviet union was 16 autonomous republics, 20, of the national district 9, 10. the independence of all the states, of course, was relative. first, the overwhelming superiority of the rsfsr. secondly, the concentration of power in the party leadership. during the civil war, believed to be a "military политический» union republics in the military command, unified economic and social policies. for a long time, the soviet union was viewed as a sample solution to the national question. however, historical experience has shown, the solution of the question was not the best of all possible solutions. on the one hand, "союзное» device state was largely fiction, real power has remained in the hands of the central party leadership. on the other hand, the division of the country on the national principle inevitably leads to the danger of separation (the desire to secede from a state). the development experiences of other multinational states (e.g., the us) shows a preference for purely administrative and territorial division of the country. the equality of all ethnic groups is ensured irrespective of the areas in which they live. we can say that the implementation of the project laid the lenin "a ticking time bomb under the established multinational state. while there was a totalitarian regime, "the iron hand made cross national differences. after his fall, they were, as we now see, with urgency. in the country in the 20 years of the 20th century was apparent problem of modernization. the stalinist version of modernization, industrialization and collectivization. the industrial policy is established in law in april 1927 at the iv congress of soviets of the soviet union. objectives: (1) making the country industrialization from agricultural to industrial, 2) overcoming the techno economic backwardness country, (3) the achievement of economic independence, (4) the establishment of a heavy and defense industry, 5) forming machine technology in agriculture for collectivization. industrialization changes the system of governance: чрезмерн