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31. The industrialization and collectivization in the Soviet Union and its consequences.
During the Civil War was an active process of the Soviet nation-building. In 1918, the Turkestan Autonomous Republic was established within the Russian Federation, in 1919 the Bashkir Autonomous Republic, 1920 - Kyrgyz, 1925 - Kazakh and Tatar. In 1921-22 it was also formed Dagestan, Highland, Yakut, and Adjara Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia. In the process of nation-building in the beginning of 20th years. also eleven JSC were established in Russia. At the same time we continue to strengthen inter-republican relations in the field of military and economic construction. By the end of 1941 in the USSR there were 16 union republics, autonomous -20, AO - 9, -10 national districts. The independence of these countries, of course, was a relative. First, the overwhelming superiority of the RSFSR. Secondly, the concentration of power in the party leadership. During the Civil War, it was believed, it was formed "military-political" union republics - in fact the overall military command, a single socio-economic policies. For a long time the USSR was regarded as a model of solving the national question. However, historical experience has shown that the obtained solution of the national question was not the best of all possible solutions. On the one hand, the "union" of the state apparatus was largely a fiction, the real power has always remained in the hands of the central party leadership. On the other hand, the division of the country along national lines inevitably creates the danger of separatism (the desire for separation from a single state). Experience in the development of other multinational states (eg, the US) shows a preference for a purely administrative-territorial division of the country. At the same time the equality of all ethnic groups is ensured, regardless of where they live. It can be said that the implementation of Lenin's project has laid the "time bomb" under the established multinational state. While there was a totalitarian regime, it is "an iron hand" holding back ethnic conflict. And after his fall they appeared, as we see now, with all sharpness. The country in the 20 years of the 20th century, it became evident that the problem of modernization. The Stalinist version of modernization: industrialization and collectivization. Start of the industrialization policy enshrined in law in April 1927 at the IV Congress of Soviets of the USSR. Industrialization Objectives: 1) Conversion of the country from an agrarian into an industrial country, 2) Overcoming the technical and economic backwardness of the country, 3) Achieving economic independence, 4) creation of a powerful heavy and defense industries, 5) Formation of machine-technical base in agriculture for collectivization. Industrialization changing industry management system: excessive centralization, command directive. Not divorced function of economic and Party bodies, which constantly interfered in the activities of industrial enterprises. The first five-year plan 1928-1933. Five main task - to transform the country from an agrarian-industrial to industrial. It begins construction of enterprises of metallurgy, tractor, automotive, aerospace. The accelerated pace of industrialization demanded increased investments, pumped money from the agricultural sector, issued loans, currency issue, deepening inflation. The first five-year plan was not executed. Second Five-Year Plan. 1933-1937. The priority in the development of heavy industry to the detriment of light industry. The main economic task - to complete the reconstruction of the national economy based on the latest technology. Targets have been more realistic. Completion of the plan was announced early. The scale of industrial construction were infected with the enthusiasm of the Soviet people. Labor enthusiasm largely determined the outcome of industrialization. Features of industrialization: The high rates and short historical period, development of heavy industry at the expense of light and transfer of funds from the agricultural sector. Results and implications: Reconstructed material and technical base of the national economy. Created new industries, to achieve economic independence.
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