Преступность: врожденное и приобрет

Преступность: врожденное и приобретенное / преступниками рождаются или становятся?

Более ста лет назад итальянский врач Чезаре Ломброзо создал галерею “преступных типов”, чем обессмертил свое имя. Он, например, утверждал, что покатый лоб, квадратный подбородок, грубые черты лица, длинные руки, и мускулистое телосложение говорят о врожденных преступных наклонностях.
Понадобилось много лет, пока теория прирожденного преступника сошла на нет, потеряла свое влияние. Тем не менее и в наши дни продолжаются споры о наследовании преступных качеств и о биологических предпосылках преступного поведения.
Послевоенный экономический рост породил у западных лидеров опасное заблуждение, что с любыми общественными проблемами можно справиться, проводя соответствующую социальную политику и увеличивая бюджетные отчисления. Тогда казалось, что, давая человеку больше благ, можно смягчить и даже изменить его природу. Времена изменились, и стало ясно, что ни либеральные реформы, ни коммунистический диктат не привели к обществу процветания.
В 1979 г. в Центре изучения близнецов и усыновленных детей в США начали наблюдать несколько сотен двойняшек и тройняшек. Все они были разлучены вскоре после рождения и воспитывались в разных концах Англии и Америки. Экспериментаторы исходили из предположения, что, если близнецы идентичные, все различия, возникшие впоследствии, следует отнести за счет разной среды обитания. Однако, исследования показали, что различия между детьми, воспитанными раздельно, и близнецами, росшими в одной семье, практически отсутствуют.
Другое исследование, проведенное в Дании, показало, что дети преступников, даже если их воспитывать в домах добропорядочных граждан, в большей степени склонны к конфликтам с законом, чем собственные отпрыски. Более того, есть все основания считать, что, если один из разлученных однояйцевых близнецов имеет судимость за уголовное преступление, второй рано или поздно тоже свернет на скользкую дорожку.
Некоторые исследователи идут еще дальше и считают, что первопричина многих видов правонарушения, в первую очередь таких тяжких, как убийства, разбойные нападения, изнасилования и поджоги - не социальная, а биологическая.
Самый серьезный удар по “теории о среде” нанесла сравнительно молодая наука – социобиология. Исследования на животных показали, что у агрессивных обезьян уровень одного из гормонов – серотина – ниже, чем у пассивных. Это, вполне возможно, относится и к человеку – у людей, совершивших преднамеренные насильственные преступления, тоже наблюдается недостаток этого гормона. Так кто же виноват: среда или генетика?

Результаты (английский) 1:

Crime: congenital and acquired/criminals are born or made?More than a hundred years ago an Italian doctor Cesare Lombroso created a gallery "crime types" than immortalized his name. He, for example, claimed that the sloping forehead, square Chin, coarse facial features, long arms, and muscular physique of birth criminal inclinations. It took many years until the theory of innate offender waned, has lost its influence. However, in our days are continuing disputes about inheritance of biological traits and criminal background of criminal behaviour. The post-war economic growth spawned by Western leaders a dangerous misconception that any social problems can be overcome through appropriate social policies and increasing budgetary allocations. Then it seemed that by giving people more benefits can be mitigated and even change its nature. Times have changed, and it became clear that neither the liberal reforms, nor the Communist dictatorship had not led to prosperity. In 1979, the center of studies of twins and adopted children in the United States have begun to observe hundreds of twins and triplets. All of them were separated shortly after birth and raised in different parts of England and America. Experimentalists have proceeded from the assumption that, if the twins are identical, all differences arising subsequently, should be attributed to the different habitats. However, studies have shown that differences between children raised separately, and twins bred in one family, are virtually non-existent. Another study conducted in Denmark, found that children of criminals, even if they bring up in the homes of good citizens, more likely to conflict with the law, than their own offspring. Moreover, there is every reason to believe that, if one of the separated identical twins having been sentenced for a criminal offence, the second early or late, too, will turn on the slippery slope. Some scholars go further, and believe that the root cause of many types of crimes, particularly serious as murder, robbery, rape and arson is not social and biological. The most serious blow to the "theory of the environment" has a relatively young science of Sociobiology. Animal studies have shown that aggressive monkeys level of hormones-serotina-lower than passive. This is, quite possibly, the person-in people who have committed intentional crimes, too, there is a lack of this hormone. So who's to blame: environment or genetics?

Результаты (английский) 2:

Crime: congenital and acquired / criminals are born or made? More than a hundred years ago, the Italian physician Cesare Lombroso created a gallery of "criminal types" than immortalized his name. For example, he argued that the sloping forehead, square chin, coarse facial features, long arms, and muscular physique suggests congenital criminal tendencies. It took many years before the theory of the born criminal came to naught, lost its influence. Nevertheless, today the debate continues about inheritance and criminal characteristics of the biological assumptions of criminal behavior. The post-war economic growth has created the Western leaders dangerous delusion that any social problems can be overcome by conducting appropriate social policies and increasing budget allocations. Then it seemed that giving a person more benefits can be mitigated and even change its nature. Times have changed, and it became clear that neither the liberal reforms, or the dictates of communist society did not lead to prosperity. In 1979, the Center for the study of twins and adopted children in the United States began to watch hundreds of twins and triplets. They were separated shortly after birth and raised in different parts of England and America. Experimenters have proceeded from the assumption that if the twins are identical, any differences that have arisen subsequently, should be attributed to different habitats. However, studies have shown that the differences between children reared separately, and twins, grown in the same family, are virtually absent. Another study in Denmark found that children of criminals, even if they bring up in the homes of law-abiding citizens, are more likely to conflicts with the law than their own offspring. Moreover, there is every reason to believe that if one of the separated identical twins has been convicted of a criminal offense, the second sooner or later also will roll on a slippery slope. Some researchers go further and say that the root cause of many types of offenses, especially those serious as murder, robbery, rape and arson - not social, and biological. The most serious blow to the "theory of the environment" caused a relatively young science - sociobiology. Animal studies have shown that aggressive monkeys level of one of hormones - serotonin - lower than the passive. This is quite possibly true for the person - people who have committed intentional violent crime, too, there is a lack of this hormone. So who is to blame: the environment or genetics?

Результаты (английский) 3:

Crime: congenital and acquired / criminals are born or become?Lord more than a hundred years ago an italian physician, Cesare Ломброзо has created a gallery "criminal types", than обессмертил its name. He, for example,He claimed that, sloping forehead, square chin, the gross features of the person, long hands, and мускулистое sire about congenital criminal leanings.
Took many years,As long as the theory structurality offender dissipated, has lost its influence. Nevertheless, and in our days are continuing disputes on inheritance criminal qualities and the biological assumptions criminal behavior.
Post-war economic growth generated from western leaders dangerous misleading, that with any public problems can be tackled,