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английский) 1:
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1. There are two organ systems — the "nervous system and the endo-(i) Rines, which coordinate the activities of all others. Almost nothing can happen to the body anywhere without appropriate response either motor or perceptual, voluntary or involuntary. Similarly, various parts of the endocrine system act upon each other and other organs, stimulating odo I of them their special jobs. Thus, the thyroid gland stimulates the metabolism of all bodily parts. The adrenal medulla mobilizes the activities of many organ systems in case of emergency. And the adrenal cortex exercises control over many body functions, so important that its removal results in failure of the functions and the death of the animal. 2. Endocrine glands or glands of internal secretion are the ductless glands, that is, they empty their secretions- chemical substances called hormones case (from the Greek word "hormao"-excite) — directly into the blood stream. The hor-mones are carried throughout the organism with the blood and are delivered to various organs whose activity they either stimulate or depress. Neither single nor endocrine gland hormone acts wholly by itself at any time.3. We know hormones case to play a very important part in the organism. Many of them affect metabolism and the activity of the cardiovascular and other systems. A disturbance in the activity of the endocrine glands is accompanied by changes throughout the organism. These changes may be not only due to an increase in the function of a gland (hyper-function) but to a decrease (hypofunction). 4. A hyperfunctioning gland secretes a superfluous amount of hormones case and a hypofunctioning gland secretes an insufficient amount. The amount of hormones case of mass-produced by the endocrine glands in 24 hours measures fractions of a milligram. 5. The functions of all the endocrine glands are interconnected so that the glands make up a single system. Physiologists consider the hypophysis to be the chief gland of this system; they consider it to produce special substances which stimulate the activities of other endocrine glands. 6. The activities of the endocrine glancjs are well-regulated by the "nervous (i) System. It is well-known to exercise direct control over the endocrine glands through the nerves and neurohumoral control, particularly through the hypophysis. The hormones case in their turn ^ ffect the functions of the different parts of the "nervous system.
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