Развитие уголовного права в Англии,

Развитие уголовного права в Англии, и в частности его приспособление к условиям капиталистического общества, происходило особыми путями. В отличие
от более поздних буржуазных революций английская революция XVII в., по
существу, не затронула феодального права, которое не изменилось в своей
основе даже к началу XIX в., когда в большинстве стран Европы уголовное
право подверглось серьезным изменениям и было приведено в соответствие с
общественными отношениями буржуазного общества.
Значительное число преступных деяний в Англии в этот период преследовалось либо по нормам общего права, либо в соответствии с большим количеством статутов, устанавливавших ответственность за то же самое преступление
(наказание за подлог было предусмотрено в 400 статутах). Система санкций
отличалась чудовищной жестокостью. Свыше 200 статутов предусматривали в
качестве единственной меры наказания смертную казнь, по большей части в
ее квалифицированных видах (путем публичного сожжения, колесования, четвертования и т.п.). Смертная казнь признавалась "основным" наказанием, а
все остальные виды наказания — "второстепенными". К их числу относились
каторжные работы, ссылка на галеры (galleys), заключение в тюрьму, публичная порка и другие телесные наказания.
Движение за реформу уголовного права в конце XVIII — начале XIX в.,
привело лишь к отмене наиболее жестоких законов и к некоторому упрощению и упорядочению уголовного законодательства. И только в период между
1830 и 1880 гг., т.е. за целую половину столетия, в результате последовательного издания отдельных парламентских актов была осуществлена подлинная реформа уголовного законодательства, которая в основном приспособила уголовное право к потребностям капиталистического общества. В ходе реформы было
отменено несколько сотен устаревших статутов, которые были заменены так
называемыми консолидированными актами, предусматривающими ответственность за отдельные группы преступлений (кражу, подлог, повреждение имущества, фальшивомонетничество, преступления против личности). Были отменены смертная казнь за имущественные преступления (кроме тех, которые сопровождались применением насилия), членовредительские и позорящие наказания (клеймение, выставление у позорного столба и т. п.), хотя и сохранилась
порка преступников. В 1857 г. была отменена получившая значительное распространение в качестве меры уголовного наказания ссылка в колонии, главным образом из-за протестов со стороны экономически и политически окрепшей буржуазии колоний (например, Австралии). Взамен этого была законодательно закреплена система мест лишения свободы внутри страны, основными
элементами которой стали каторжные работы и тюремное заключение.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Development of the criminal law in England and in particular its adaptation to the conditions of capitalist society, special ways. Unlikefrom the later bourgeois revolutions of the English revolution of the 17th century,Basically, did not affect the feudal law, which has not changed in itsthrough even to the beginning of the 19th century, when most of Europe Criminalthe right has undergone major changes and are in line withpublic relations of bourgeois society.A large number of criminal acts in England during this period is prosecuted either by common law or in accordance with a large number of statutes, laid responsibility for the same crime(the penalty for forgery was provided for in the statutes of the 400). The system of sanctionsdistinguished by a monstrous cruelty. More than 200 of the statutes included inas the only punishment of the death penalty, for the most part in theits qualified forms (through public burning, breaking on the wheel, chetvertovanija, etc.). The death penalty was recognized "major" punishment, andall other types of punishment is "minor". These includedbackbreaking work, a reference to the galleys (galleys), imprisonment, flogging and other corporal punishment.The movement for the reform of criminal law in the late 18th and early 19th centuryled only to repeal the most cruel laws and to some simplification and streamlining of the criminal law. And only in the period between the1830 and 1880, i.e. for a whole half a century, as a result of successive editions of individual acts of Parliament was made true reform of criminal legislation, which is largely adapted to the requirements of the criminal law of capitalist society. In the course of reformcanceled several hundred outdated statutes, which were replaced by socalled the consolidated acts stipulating responsibility for certain crimes (theft, damage to property, forgery, counterfeiting, crimes against the person). The death penalty had been abolished for property crimes (except those that were accompanied by violence), chlenovreditel'skie and dishonouring punishments (branding, pillory, etc.), though preservedflogging criminals. In 1857, was canceled has received significant prevalence as a measure of criminal justice reference in the colony, mainly due to protests by economically and politically renewed bourgeoisie colonies (e.g., Australia). Instead, was legislated prison system inside the country, the mainelements which have become hard labour and imprisonment.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Development of criminal law in England, and in particular its adaptation to the conditions of capitalist society, there was special ways. In contrast
to the more advanced of the bourgeois revolutions of the English Revolution of the XVII century., In
fact, is not affected by the feudal law, which has not changed in its
basis, even to the beginning of the XIX century., When the criminal in most European countries
the right has undergone major changes and has been brought into line with
social relations of bourgeois society.
A significant number of criminal offenses in England in this period pursued either at common law or in accordance with a large number of statutes establishes liability for the same offense
(penalties for forgery were provided in 400 of the Statute). The system of sanctions
differ monstrous cruelty. More than 200 of the Statute provides in
as the only punishment the death penalty for the most part in
its qualified forms (by public burning, broken on the wheel, quartering, etc.). The death penalty is recognized as "major" punishment and
all other forms of punishment - "minor". These included
forced labor, a reference to the galleys (galleys), imprisonment, flogging and other corporal punishment.
Movement for Reform of Criminal Law at the end of XVIII -. The beginning of the XIX century,
led to the cancellation of a most cruel laws and to some simplification and streamlining of the criminal law. It was only in the period between
1830 and 1880. Ie for a whole half-century, as a result of successive editions of separate acts of Parliament was made genuine reform of the criminal law, which is mainly adapted to the needs of the criminal law of capitalist society. The reform was
canceled hundreds of obsolete statutes, which were replaced by the so
-called consolidated Acts provides for liability for certain groups of crimes (theft, fraud, damage to property, counterfeiting, offenses against the person). The death penalty for crimes against property (except those which are accompanied by violence), chlenovreditelskie and shameful punishment (branding, exposure in the pillory, and so on. P.), Although it remained were abolished
flogging criminals. In 1857 it was canceled widely spread as a criminal reference penalties in the colony, mainly due to protests from the economically and politically strengthened bourgeoisie of the colonies (eg, Australia). Instead, this was a legislated system of prisons in the country, the main
elements of which were forced labor and imprisonment.