26. Внешнеполитическое положение Ро

26. Внешнеполитическое положение России после Октябрьской революции 1917 года. Брестский мир и его последствия.
Приступая к грандиозному преобразованию России, большевики нуждались в спокойствии на внешних границах. Однако обеспечить это в условиях мировой войны и развала старой русской армии оказалось чрезвычайно трудным делом. Страны Антанты проигнорировали большевистский Декрет о мире. Оставили они без внимания и специальное обращение наркома иностранных дел Л. Д. Троцкого к послам союзных держав с предложением «немедленного перемирия на всех фронтах и немедленного открытия мирных переговоров» с противником. США, Англия и Франция были полны решимости довести войну с Четверным союзом (Германией, Австро-Венгрией, Турцией и Болгарией), экономически истощенным и находившимся на грани военного поражения, до победного конца. Ряд новых событий еще более укрепил союзные державы в этой позиции. Л. Д. Троцкий заявил о предстоящей публикации тайных договоров царского и Временного правительств, что наносило прямой ущерб интересам Антанты. В тот же день В. И. Ленин передал по радио директиву русским полкам на фронте прекратить военные действия и выбрать «тотчас уполномоченных для формального вступления в переговоры о перемирии с неприятелем». Это распоряжение не могло не повлечь дальнейшее ослабление и без того уже таявшей армии. К середине ноября 20 дивизий из 125 заключили в письменной форме перемирие с австро-германскими войсками, а большинство остальных достигли соглашения о прекращении огня. В Берлине и Вене постарались воспользоваться выгодной для себя внешнеполитической ситуацией и без колебаний изъявили готовность войти в контакт с Россией. Делегация Совнаркома, прибывшая в Брест- Литовск, подписала с представителями Германии и ее союзников соглашение о перемирии, там же начались переговоры об условиях заключения мира. Советская делегация предложила заключить мир без аннексий и контрибуций. Позиция Германии и Австро-Венгрии, сделавших ставку на слабость и изолированность нового правительства России, была иной. Их делегация предъявила требование передать странам Четверного союза территорию примерно в 150 тыс. кв. км (Польшу, часть Прибалтики и Белоруссии). Советских представителей ожидал еще один неприятный сюрприз: Германия и Австро-Венгрия признали полномочия приехавшей в Брест делегации украинской Центральной Рады и внесли в повестку дня заседаний вопрос о независимости Украины. В ЦК РСДРП(б) эти требования вызвали острые дискуссии. Меньшинство его членов во главе с В. И. Лениным настаивало на безоговорочном принятии германских условий. Для них главным было во что бы то ни стало сохранить советскую власть в России, -рассматривавшуюся ими как «социалистический форпост» грядущей мировой пролетарской революции. Однако большинство членов ЦК полагали, что подписание мира на столь унизительных условиях отодвинет мировую революцию на неопределенный срок, а без этой революции власть Советов все равно не удержится. Чтобы не только избежать такого нежелательного поворота событий, но и попытаться ускорить в Западной Европе революционный взрыв, сторонники Л. Д. Троцкого выступили за отказ от подписания мира на переговорах, предлагая сделать это лишь после перехода немецких войск в наступление и возникновения прямой угрозы гибели советской власти. Так называемые «левые коммунисты» во главе с Н. И. Бухариным, напротив, считали, что добиться этой цели можно только путем ведения «революционной войны», не вступая в переговоры с Германией. «Русская революция,— утверждал Бухарин,—либо будет спасена международной революцией, либо погибнет под ударами международного капитала... Международная революция — и только она одна — наше спасение». В советском правительстве «левых коммунистов» поддерживали левые эсеры. На совещании партийной верхушки РСДРП(б) 8 января, посвященном проблеме мира с Германией, В. И. Ленин потерпел поражение, он продолжал настаивать, но безуспешно

Результаты (английский) 1:

26. The foreign policy situation in Russia after the October revolution of 1917 year. Brest-Litovsk and its consequences.Getting to the Grand transformation of Russia, the Bolsheviks were in need of tranquility at the external borders. However, to ensure that it is in the midst of World War I and the collapse of the old Russian army proved to be extremely difficult. Allied countries have ignored the Bolshevik Decree on peace. They left without attention and special treatment of people's Commissar for Foreign Affairs l. d. Trotsky to Ambassadors of the allied powers to "immediate truce on all fronts and the immediate opening of peace negotiations" with the enemy. United States, England and France were determined to bring the war with fourfold Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria), economically exhausted and on the verge of military defeat, to the bitter end. A number of new developments further enhanced the allied powers in this position. L. d. Mclean announced the forthcoming publication of secret treaties, Imperial and Provisional Governments that promoted the direct detriment of the Entente. On the same day Lenin sent his radio directive to Russian regiments at the front to cease hostilities and choose "immediately authorized to formally enter into negotiations on a truce with the enemy." The order could not but lead to further weakening the already taâvšej army. By mid-November, 20 divisions from 125 in writing signed a truce with the Austro-German troops, and most of the rest have reached a ceasefire agreement. In Berlin and Vienna, have tried to take advantage of the favorable foreign policy situation for themselves and without hesitation have expressed their willingness to enter into contact with Russia. The CPC delegation, which arrived in Brest-Litovsk, signed an agreement with representatives of Germany and its allies Armistice Agreement, ibid. negotiations on the conditions for the conclusion of peace. The Soviet delegation, invited to make peace without Annexations and indemnities. The position of Germany and Austria-Hungary, made a bet on the weakness and isolation of the new Russian Government, was different. Their delegation filed a demand to transmit to countries of the quadruple Alliance territory of about 150 thousand. kV. km (Poland, part of the Baltic States and Belarus). Soviet officials expect another nasty surprise: Germany and Austro-Hungary recognized powers arrived in Brest delegation of the Ukrainian Central Rada and made in the agenda of the meetings the question of the independence of Ukraine. To the Central Committee of the rsdlp (b) these requirements have aroused heated debate. A minority of its members, headed by v. i. Lenin insisted on unconditional acceptance of German conditions. The main thing was for them at all costs to keep Soviet power in Russia, registered as a Socialist outpost "the coming of the world proletarian revolution. However, most members of the Central Committee believed that the signing of peace in such humiliating conditions dampen world revolution indefinitely, and without this revolution power Tips still don't hold out. To avoid this undesirable eventuality, but also try to speed up the revolutionary explosion in Western Europe, supporters of l. d. Trotsky advocated the refusal to sign the peace negotiations by offering to do so only after the transition of the German troops in the offensive and the emergence of a direct threat to the loss of Soviet power. The so-called "left-wing Communists, headed by n. i. Bukharin, by contrast, thought that this goal could be achieved only by maintaining" revolutionary war "without entering into negotiations with Germany. "The Russian Revolution — claimed Bukharin, either will be rescued by the international revolution, or perish under the blows of international capital. International revolution — and she alone is our salvation. The Soviet Government left Communists supported leftist revolutionaries. At a meeting of the party leadership rsdlp (b) January 8, on the issue of peace with Germany, Lenin was defeated, he continued to insist, but to no avail

Результаты (английский) 2:

26. Russian foreign policy position after the 1917 October Revolution. Brest-Litovsk Treaty and its consequences.
Getting a grand transformation of Russia, the Bolsheviks were in need of peace at the external borders. However, to ensure this in a World War I and the collapse of the old Russian army proved to be extremely difficult. Entente countries ignored the Bolshevik Decree on Peace. They left without attention and special treatment Commissar for Foreign Affairs, LD Trotsky to the ambassadors of the Allied Powers to the proposal "an immediate armistice on all fronts, and the immediate opening of peace talks" with the enemy. United States, Britain and France were determined to bring the war to the Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria), the economically exhausted and is on the verge of military defeat, to the bitter end. A number of new events further strengthened the Allied Powers in this position. Trotsky announced the forthcoming publication of the secret treaties of the tsarist and provisional governments, which directly affects the interests of the Entente. On the same day, Lenin radioed directive Russian regiments at the front, to cease hostilities and select "immediately Commissioners for a formal entry into peace talks with the enemy." This order could not result in a further weakening of the already tayavshey army. By mid-November, 20 divisions of the 125 concluded in writing by a truce with the Austro-German troops, but most of the others have reached a ceasefire agreement. In Berlin and Vienna have tried to take advantage of favorable foreign situation for themselves and without hesitation expressed readiness to enter into contact with the Russian. The delegation of the CPC, arrived in Brest-Litovsk, signed with the representatives of Germany and its allies an armistice agreement, there began negotiating the terms of peace. The Soviet delegation proposed to make peace without annexations and indemnities. The position of Germany and Austria-Hungary, made a bid for the weakness and isolation of the new Russian government, it was different. Their delegation filed a request to transfer to countries Quadruple Alliance area of approximately 150 sq. M. km (Poland, part of the Baltic states and Belarus). Soviet representatives waiting another unpleasant surprise: Germany and Austria-Hungary recognized authority delegation arrived in Brest Ukrainian Central Rada and brought to the agenda the question of the independence of Ukraine meetings. The RSDLP (b), these requirements have caused heated debates. A minority of its members, led by Lenin insisted on the unconditional acceptance of the German conditions. For them, the main thing was that at all costs to preserve the Soviet power in Russia, -Examine them as "socialist outpost" of the coming of the world proletarian revolution. However, most of the members of the Central Committee believed that the signing of peace in such humiliating conditions postpone the world revolution for an indefinite period, and the power of the Soviets still will not hold without this revolution. In order not only to avoid such an undesirable turn of events, but also to try to accelerate in Western Europe the revolutionary explosion, supporters of LD Trotsky advocated refusal to sign the peace talks, offering to do so only after the transition of German troops on the offensive and the emergence of a direct threat of Soviet deaths authorities. The so-called "Left Communists" headed by NI Bukharin, on the other hand, believed that to achieve this goal is possible only by maintaining a "revolutionary war" without entering into negotiations with Germany. "Russian revolution - argued Bukharin-or be rescued by an international revolution, or die under the blows of the international capital ... The international revolution - and it alone - our salvation." The Soviet government of the "Left Communists" supported the Left Social Revolutionaries. At the meeting of the party leadership of the RSDLP (b) 8 January, dedicated to the problem of peace with Germany, Lenin was defeated, he continued to insist, but to no avail

Результаты (английский) 3:

26. ` the situation in russia after the october revolution of 1917. treaty of brest litovsk and its implications.as a fundamental transformation of russia, the bolsheviks were calm at the external borders. however, to ensure that in a world of war and the collapse of the old russian army turns out to be extremely difficult. national bolshevik war ignored the decree on peace. they left without attention and special treatment of people"s commissar of foreign affairs l. d. trotsky to the ambassadors of allied powers offered "an immediate cease-fire on all fronts, and the immediate opening of the peace negotiations" with the enemy. the us, britain and france were determined to bring the war to the right union (germany, austria hungary, turkey and bulgaria), economically depleted and were on the verge of a military defeat, until the bitter end. a number of new developments, further strengthened the allied powers in this position. l. d. trotsky announced the forthcoming publication of secret treaties in the interim government, and that by direct damage to the interests of the war. on the same day. and. lenin gave radio directive the shelves at the front to cease hostilities immediately and to choose "commissioners for formal entry into negotiations on a truce with неприятелем». this order could not be further weakened the already таявшей army. by mid november 20 divisions of 125 had written a truce with the austro german troops, and most of the rest have reached a ceasefire agreement. in berlin and vienna, tried to take advantage of a favourable situation for foreign policy and without hesitation volunteered to get in contact with russia. совнаркома delegation, which arrived in brest литовск, signed with the representatives of germany and her allies in the armistice agreement, began negotiations on the terms of peace. the soviet delegation offered to make peace without the annexation and контрибуций. the position of germany and austria hungary, who had bet on weakness and isolation of the new government of russia, was different. their delegation presented the requirement to countries of the quadruple alliance territory roughly 150000. kv. km (poland, part of the baltic states and belarus). soviet representatives expect another unwelcome surprise: germany and austria hungary recognized the authority of the central delegation coming to brest, happy and made in the agenda of the meetings, the issue of the independence of ukraine. in the of the rsdrp (b) these requirements led to sharp debate. a minority of its members, headed in. and. lenin insisted on the unconditional acceptance of german conditions. their main was to do whatever it takes to keep the soviet union in russia, рассматривавшуюся them as "socialist форпост» грядущ