GRAMMAR AS A SCIENCE. MAIN NOTIONS

GRAMMAR AS A SCIENCE. MAIN NOTIONS OF GRAMMAR
Grammar is a linguistic discipline describing the grammatical system of language
Earlier periods: “prescriptive approach” – how to speak and write correctly (subjective, contradictory)
Modern linguistics – systemic character of language
Beaudoin de Courtenay, Ferdinand de Saussure:
1) lingual synchrony (co-existence of lingual elements)
2) lingual diachrony (different periods in the development of language)
-> The aim of theoretical grammar is to present a theoretical description of the grammatical system of language, i.e. to analyze and to define its grammatical categories and study the mechanisms of grammatical formation of utterances
The aim of practical grammar is to give rules of writing and speaking.
Main notions:
The grammatical meaning is defined as an expression of relationship between words in speech. Notional words possess some morphemic features expressing grammatical meaning. They determine the grammatical form of the word.
Grammatical meaning is abstract, general. The most generalized meanings are interpreted in linguistics as categorial grammatical meanings (e.g. plural number)
The grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms (e.g. number)
The set of grammatical forms expressing a categorial function is called a paradigm. (e.g. phone-phones, child-child’s)

The correlation of lingual forms expressing a certain function is called the opposition:
-“strong member” (characterized by a certain feature)
-“weak member” (no features)
e.g. went, have gone – are going

The ways of building member-forms of categorical oppositions are traditionally divided into synthetical and analytical. (=> different types of languages)
Synthetical grammatical forms are realized by the inner morphemic composition:
1) inner inflexional (vowel interchange) e.g. come - came
2) outer inflexional e.g. great -greater
3) suppletive (interchange of word-roots) go – went, good –better
Analytical are the forms having two or more lexemic parts.
Different views –
e.g.
have done-> analytical (not dependent on the meaning of the elements)
more difficult -> not analytical

?? What type of language does English belong to? Russian?
Kazakh?
GRAMMATICAL CLASSES OF WORDS
Different terms: e.g.
- lexico-grammatical series
- lexico-grammatical categories etc.
Traditionally grammatical classes are called “parts of speech”. The name was introduced in Ancient Greece; it is purely conventional, not defining.
3 criteria of classification:
1) semantic criterion – the evaluation of generalized meaning (categorial meaning of the part of speech) (meaning )
2) formal criterion – exposition of inflexional and derivational features ( form )
3) functional – syntactic role of words in a sentence (function)
Words are divided into notional and functional.
notional:
the noun, the adjective, the numeral, the pronoun, the verb, the adverb, the words of category of state* (e.g. ajar);
they have complete nominative meaning and self-dependent functions in the sentence.
The features of the noun according to the 3 factors “meaning –
form – function”:
1) substance or “thingness”
2) changeable forms of number and case; suffixal forms of derivation
3) substantive functions in the sentence, prepositional connections, etc.

The features of the adjective according to the 3 factors “meaning –form – function”:
1) property (qualitative or relative)
2) the forms of degrees of comparison, suffixal forms of derivation
3) adjectival functions in the sentence
The features of the verb according to the 3 factors “meaning –form – function”:
1) process
2) the forms of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood, etc.
3) the function of the finite predicate, etc.
The features of the numeral according to the 3 factors “meaning –form – function”:
1) number (cardinal and ordinal)
2) specific forms of composition for compound numerals, suffixal forms, etc.
3) numerical attribute and substantive

The features of the pronoun according to the 3 factors “meaning –form – function”:
1) indication
2) sets of various status with formal properties
3) substantival and adjectival functions for different sets

The features of the adverb according to the 3 factors “meaning –form – function”:
1) secondary property, i.e. the property of process or another property
2) the forms of degrees of comparison, suffixal forms of derivation
3) adverbial modifiers
Functional parts of speech are words of incomplete nominative meaning and non-self-dependent functions in the sentence.
1) the article expresses the specific limitation of the substantive functions
2) the preposition – dependences and interdependences of substantives
3) the conjunction – connections of phenomena
4) the particle unites the functional words of specifying and limiting meaning
5) the modal wo

Результаты (английский) 1:

GRAMMAR AS A SCIENCE. MAIN NOTIONS OF GRAMMARGrammar is a linguistic discipline self-describing the grammatical system of languageEarlier periods: "prescriptive approach"-how to speak and write correctly (subjective, is self-contradictory)Modern linguistics is the systemic character of languageBeaudoin de Courtenay, Ferdinand de Saussure:1) lingual synchrony (co-existence of lingual elements)2) lingual diachrony (different periods in the development of language)-> The aim of theoretical grammar is to present a theoretical description of the grammatical system of language, i.e. to analyze and to define its grammatical categories and study the mechanisms of formation of grammatical utterancesThe aim of practical grammar is to give rules of writing and speaking. Main notions:The grammatical meaning is defined as an expression of the relationship between words in speech. Notional words possess some morphemic features expressing grammatical meaning. They determine the grammatical form of the word.Grammatical meaning is abstract, general. The most generalized meanings are interpreted in linguistics as categorial grammatical meanings (e.g. plural number)The grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of correlation of paradigmatic grammatical forms (e.g. number)The set of grammatical forms expressing a categorial function is called a paradigm. (e.g. phone-phones, child-child's)The correlation of lingual forms expressing a certain function is called the opposition:-"strong member" (characterized by a certain feature) -"weak member ' (no features) e.g. went, have gone-are goingThe ways of building member-forms of categorical oppositions are traditionally divided into the synthetical and analytical. (= > different types of languages)Synthetical grammatical forms are realized by the inner morphemic composition:1) inner inflexional (vowel interchange) e.g. come-came2) outer inflexional e.g. great-greater3) suppletive (interchange of word-roots) go-went, good-betterAre the analytical forms having two or more lexemic parts.Different views- e.g.. have done-> analytical (not dependent on the meaning of the elements)more difficult-> not analytical ?? What type of language does English belong to? Russian?Kazakh? GRAMMATICAL CLASSES OF WORDSDifferent terms: e.g..-lexico-grammatical series-lexico-grammatical categories etc.Traditionally grammatical classes are so-called "parts of speech". The name was re-introduced in Ancient Greece; It is purely conventional, not defining.3 criteria of classification:1) semantic criterion-the evaluation of generalized meaning (categorial meaning of the part of speech) (meaning)2) formal criterion-exposition of inflexional and derivational features (form) 3) functional-syntactic role of words in a sentence (a function)Words are divided into notional and functional.notional: the noun, the adjective, the numeral, the pronoun, the verb, the hand, the words of category of state * (e.g. ajar);they have complete nominative meaning and self-dependent functions in the sentence.The features of the noun according to the 3 factors "meaning-form-function ":1) substance or "thingness"2) changeable forms of number and case; forms of suffixal derivation3) substantive functions in the sentence, the prepositional connections, etc.The features of the adjective according to the 3 factors "meaning-form-function":1) property (you or a relative)2) the forms of degrees of comparison, forms of suffixal derivation3) adjectival functions in the sentenceThe features of the verb according to the 3 factors "meaning-form-function":1) process2) the forms of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood, etc.3) the function of the finite predicate, etc.The features of the numeral according to the 3 factors "meaning-form-function":1) number (cardinal and ordinal)2) specific forms of composition for compound numerals, suffixal forms, etc.3) numerical attribute and substantiveThe features of the pronoun according to the 3 factors "meaning-form-function":1) indication 2) sets of various status with the formal properties3) substantival and adjectival functions for different setsThe features of the hand according to the 3 factors "meaning-form-function":1) secondary property, i.e. the property of process or another property 2) the forms of degrees of comparison, forms of suffixal derivation3) adverbial modifiersFunctional parts of speech are words of incomplete nominative meaning and non-self-dependent functions in the sentence.1) the article expresses the specific limitation of the substantive functions2) the preposition-dependences offers rooms and interdependences of substantives 3) the conjunction-connections of phenomena4) the particle unites the functional words of specifying and limiting meaning5) the modal wo

Результаты (английский) 3:

GRAMMAR as a science. MAIN NOTIONS of GRAMMARlanguage is a linguistic discipline describing the grammatical system of languageearlier periods: "prescriptive approach" is how to speak and write correctly (subjective, contradictory)modern linguistics is the systemic character of languageBeaudoin de Courtenay, ferdinand de Saussure:1) lingual synchrony (co existence of lingual elements)(2) the lingual diachrony (different periods in the development of language)"the aim of theoretical grammar is to present a theoretical description of the grammatical system of language, i.e. to simply and to define its grammatical categories and study the mechanisms of formation of utterances usedthe aim of practical grammar is to give rules of writing and speaking.the main notions:the grammatical meaning is defined as an expression of the relationship between words in speech. Notional words possess some morphemic features expressing grammatical meaning. they determine the grammatical form of the word.Grammatical meaning is abstract, general. the most generalized meanings are interpreted in linguistics as categorial grammatical meanings (e.g. have number)the grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms (e.g. number)the set of grammatical forms expressing a categorial function is called a paradigm. (e.g. phone, phones, child - child 's)the correlation of lingual forms expressing a certain function is called the opposition:"strong member" (characterized by a certain feature)"the weak member" (no features)e.g. of course, have gone, are therethe ways of building member - forms of categorical give oppositions are divided into synthetical and analytical. (= > different types of languages)Synthetical grammatical forms are realized by the kindness of morphemic composition:1), yet grammars (such as interchange) as - in.(2) the outer are great players.3) suppletive (interchange of word - roots) go, went, and –betteranalytical are the forms having two or more lexemic parts.different views aree.g.have done - > analytical (not dependent on the meaning of the elements)more difficult is not analytical.? ? what type of language does english belong to? english?here?GRAMMATICAL CLASSES of WORDSdifferent terms, e.g.- lexico - learn series- lexico - grammatical categories etc.Traditionally grammatical classes are called "parts of speech". the name was introduced in ancient greece; it is purely conventional, not both.three criteria of classification.1) semantic criterion is the evaluation of generalized meaning (categorial meaning of the part of speech) (german)(2) the formal criterion is the exhibition of grammars and derivational features (form)(3) the language is the professional role of words in a sentence (function)words are divided into notional and functional.notional:the form of the adjective, the numeral, the pronoun, the 7th, the adverb, the words of the category of state * (e.g. ajar);they have complete nominative meaning and self dependent functions in the sentence.the features of the form according to the three factors of "meaning isform is function ":(1) the substance or "thingness"2) changeable forms of number and case; suffixal forms of derivation(3) the substantive functions in the sentence important connections, etc.the features of the adjective according to the three factors of "meaning –form - function":(1) a property (qualitative or relative)2) the forms of degrees of comparison, suffixal forms of derivation3) adjectival functions in the sentencethe features of the 7th according to the three factors of "meaning –form - function":1) process2) the forms of person, number, c, aspect, voice, mood, etc.3) the function of the finite predicate, etc.the features of the numeral according to the three factors of "meaning –form - function":1) number (cardinal and ordinal)(2) the specific forms of composition for compound ", suffixal forms, etc.(3) the numerical attribute and substantivethe features of the pronoun according to the three factors of "meaning –form - function":1) indication(2) sets of various status with formal properties3) substantival and adjectival functions for different setsthe features of the adverb according to the three factors of "meaning –form - function":1) secondary property, i.e. the property of process or another property2) the forms of degrees of comparison, suffixal forms of derivation3) adverbial modifiersfunctional parts of speech are words of incomplete nominative meaning and non - self - dependent functions in the sentence.(1) the article expresses the specific limitation of the substantive functions2) the preposition is dependences and interdependences of substantives3) the conjunction is the connections of in4) the particle unites the functional words of specifying and limiting meaning5) the for multimodal wo