Что такое ген. Инженерия?: Что тако

Что такое ген. Инженерия?: Что такое ген. Инженерия? Генетическая инженерия (генная инженерия) — совокупность приёмов, методов и технологий получения рекомбинантных РНК и ДНК, выделения генов из организма (клеток), осуществления манипуляций с генами и введения их в другие организмы. Генетическая инженерия не является наукой в широком смысле, но является инструментом биотехнологии , используя методы таких биологических наук, как молекулярная и клеточная биология, цитология, генетика, микробиология, вирусология.

Вот что делает генная инженерия: Вот что делает генная инженерия

Плюсы генной инженерии: Плюсы генной инженерии 1 . Генетическая трансформация растений может ускорить селекционный процесс, сохранить наиболее желательные признаки сорта и привить два-три новых полезных 2. С помощью применения ГМР создают более дешевые лекарства (инсулин), обеспечивают промышленность сырьем 3. Генетически модифицированные продукты в силу своих качеств адаптации к среде, высокой стабильной урожайности могут решить проблему «голодающих стран» 4. С помощью методов генетической инженерии возможно лечение тяжелых заболеваний человека: онкологических, наследственных заболеваний мозга и нервной системы, для исследования воспалительных и иммунологических заболеваний человека.

Минусы генной инженерии: Минусы генной инженерии 1. Некоторые ГМ-растения, устойчивые к насекомым-вредителям, могут быть мутагенными и оказывать сильное негативное влияние на человеческие эмбрионы. 2. Риск образования опухолей существует и при использовании трансгенных растений, отличающихся повышенной урожайностью за счет ряда ферментов. В результате внутриклеточных процессов в некоторых ГМ-сортах табака и риса накапливаются биологически активные продукты разложения этих ферментов, способные спровоцировать развитие рака. 3. Некоторые чужеродные гены могут встраиваться в кишечную микрофлору человека. Большинство ГМ-растений содержит гены устойчивости к антибиотикам. Использование таких продуктов питания может привести к тому, что традиционные методы лечения с помощью антибиотиков будут малоэффективны. 4. Введение в пищевую цепочку человека мутагенной еды может привести к распространению новых штаммов болезнетворных бактерий, а также к увеличению числа людей страдающих пищевыми аллергиями. 5. Введение чужеродных генов в клетки млекопитающих, в частности человека, опасно возникновением химер и гибридов. 6. В России не существует законодательства о генетически-модифицированных продуктах, человек зачастую не имеет информации о покупаемом им продукте, который может быть вреден.

Вывод: Вывод Как и любое достижение науки, успехи генетической инженерии могут быть использованы не только на благо, но и во вред человеку. Специально проведенные исследования показали, что опасность неконтролируемого распространения гибридных (рекомбинантных) ДНК не так велика, как представлялось ранее. Гибридные ДНК и несущие их бактерии оказались очень неустойчивыми к влияниям окружающей среды, нежизнеспособными в организме человека и животных при случайном проникновении. Известно, что в природе и без вмешательства человека имеются условия, которые обеспечивают обмен генетической информацией (так называемый поток генов). Однако на пути случайного проникновения в организм чужеродной генетической информации природа создала много эффективных барьеров. При работе с большинством гибридных молекул ДНК вполне достаточно обычных мер предосторожности, которые применяют, например, микробиологи при работе с инфекционным материалом. Для особых случаев разработаны эффективные способы биологической защиты и физической изоляции экспериментальных объектов от человека и окружающей среды.

Результаты (английский) 1:

What is a gene. Engineering?: what is a gene. Engineering? Genetic engineering (genetic engineering) is a set of techniques, methods and technologies for the production of recombinant DNA and RNA, gene selection from the body (cells), the implementation of genetic manipulation and introducing them to other organisms. Genetic engineering is not science in the broadest sense, but is a tool for biotechnology, using methods such as the life sciences, molecular and cell biology, cytology, genetics, microbiology, virology.That's what makes genetic engineering: that's what makes genetic engineeringPros of genetic engineering: the pros of genetic engineering 1. Genetic transformation of plants can accelerate the selection process, save the most desirable characteristics of varieties and provide two or three new useful 2. Through the use of GMPS are cheaper drugs (insulin), provide the industry with raw materials 3. Genetically modified foods, because of their qualities of adaptation to the environment, high-stable yield can solve the problem of "starving countries 4. Using the methods of genetic engineering possible treatment of severe human diseases: cancer, hereditary diseases of the brain and nervous system, for research of inflammatory and immunological diseases.Cons: cons of genetic engineering genetic engineering 1. Some GM plants resistant to pests, can be mutagenic and have a strong negative impact on human embryos. 2. The risk of tumors exist and when using transgenic plants with increased yield at the expense of some enzymes. As a result of intracellular processes in some GM varieties of tobacco and rice are biologically active decomposition products of these enzymes that could provoke cancer development. 3. some foreign genes can be built into the human intestinal microflora. Most of the GM plants contain genes for antibiotic resistance. The use of these foods can cause traditional treatments with antibiotics are ineffective. 4. Introduction to the human food chain the mutagenic eating can lead to the spread of new strains of disease-causing bacteria, as well as to an increase in the number of people suffering from food allergies. 5. Introduction of alien genes in mammalian cells, in particular the emergence of dangerous human chimeras and hybrids. 6. In Russia, there is no legislation on genetically-modified products, people often do not have information on the purchase of the product, which can be harmful.Conclusion: the Conclusion as any achievement in science, advances of genetic engineering can be used not only for the good, but also harm humans. Specifically, studies have shown that the risk of uncontrolled proliferation of hybrid (Recombinant) DNA is not as great as previously imagined. Hybrid bearing DNA and their bacteria have been very unstable to non-viable environmental effects in humans and animals in the event of accidental exposure. It is known that in nature and without human intervention are the conditions that enable the exchange of genetic information (the so-called gene flow). However, accidental foreign body penetration of genetic information the nature has created many effective barriers. When working with the majority of hybrid DNA molecules just enough ordinary precautions that apply, for example, microbiologists working with infectious material. For special cases, developed effective ways of biological and physical isolation of pilot sites from humans and the environment.

Результаты (английский) 2:

What is a gene. Engineering ?: What is the gene. Engineering? Genetic engineering (genetic engineering) - a set of methods, techniques and technologies for the production of recombinant RNA and DNA isolation of genes of an organism (cell) of the manipulation of genes and introducing them to other organisms. Genetic engineering is not a science in the broad sense, but is a tool of biotechnology using the methods of biological sciences, such as molecular and cellular biology, cell biology, genetics, microbiology, virology. That's what makes genetic engineering: That's what makes genetic engineering Genetic Engineering Pros: Pros Genetic Engineering 1. Genetic transformation of plants can speed up the breeding process, to maintain the most desirable attributes of the variety and plant two or three useful new 2. With the use of GMR produce cheaper drugs (insulin) provide industry with raw materials 3. Genetically modified foods because of their qualities of adaptation to the environment, stable high yield can solve the problem of "hungry countries" 4. With the help of genetic engineering methods possible treatment of serious human diseases: cancer, hereditary diseases of the brain and nervous system for the study of inflammatory and immunological diseases in humans. Genetic Engineering Cons: Cons 1. Some genetically engineered GM plants resistant to insect pests may be mutagenic and have a strong negative impact on human embryos. 2. The risk of cancer exists and using transgenic plants with increased yield due to a number of enzymes. As a result of intracellular processes in some GM varieties of tobacco and rice accumulate biologically active degradation products of these enzymes are able to trigger the development of cancer. 3. Some foreign genes can be integrated into the human intestinal microflora. Most GM plants containing antibiotic resistance genes. The use of these foods can lead to the fact that traditional treatments with antibiotics are ineffective. 4. Introduction into the human food chain mutagenic foods may lead to the spread of new strains of pathogenic bacteria, and increase the number of people suffering from food allergies. 5. Introduction of foreign genes into mammalian cells, in particular human danger of chimeras and hybrids. 6. In Russia, there is no legislation on genetically-modified foods, people often do not have information about buying their product, which can be harmful. Conclusion: Conclusion As with any scientific achievements, the success of genetic engineering can be used not only for the good, but also to the detriment of the person. Special studies have shown that the risk of uncontrolled proliferation of hybrid (recombinant) DNA is not as great as previously thought. Hybrid DNA and bacteria carrying them proved to be very unstable to the effects of the environment, viable in humans and animals at random penetration. It is known that in nature without human intervention, there are conditions that provide exchange of genetic information (called gene flow). However, on the way accidental penetration of foreign genetic information of an organism nature has created many effective barriers. When working with the majority of hybrid DNA molecules is enough the usual precautions, which are used, for example, microbiologists working with infectious material. For special occasions there are effective ways to protect the biological and physical isolation of the experimental facilities of the man and the environment.

Результаты (английский) 3:

What is the chromosome can be Engineering?: What is a chromosome can be Engineering? Genetic engineering (genetic engineering) - a collection techniques, methods and technologies for the recombinant RNA and DNA, the genes of the organism (cells),The implementation of the human genetic manipulation and the imposition of them in other organisms. Genetic engineering is not a science in the broad sense, but it is a tool for biotechnology , using methods such biological sciences,As molecular and cell biology, cellular and molecular biology, genetics, microbiology, air pollution.lord this is what makes genetic engineering: That's what makes genetic engineering

pros for genetic engineering: Pros genetic engineering 1 .Genetic transformation in plants can accelerate rain process, save the most desirable signs class and to equip two-to-three new mineral 2.With the use of narodnik create cheaper drugs (insulin), provide industry raw materials 3. Genetically modified products, by virtue of their qualifications adaptation to the environment,High stable yield can solve the problem of "hungry countries" 4. Using the methods of genetic engineering may be treatment heavy diseases: cancer,Hereditary diseases brain and nervous system, to study inflammation and elf diseases rights.lord cons genetic engineering: cons genetic engineering 1. Some GM-plants,Resistant to insect-resistant, can be mutagenic and have a strong negative impact on human embryos. 2. There is a risk of tumors and when using transgenic plants,Different high-yield at the expense of a number of enzymes. As a result localizing а processes in some GM-clippers tobacco and rice accumulates biologically active products of decomposition these enzymes,That could provoke a cancer. 3. Some alien genes can be embedded in various intoxications oc human rights. Most GM-plants contains gene to antibiotics.The use of such products may result in that the traditional methods of treatment with antibiotics will be ineffective. 4.The introduction into the food chain rights мутагеннои food can lead to proliferation of new strains bacterial pathogens, as well as to an increase in the number of people suffering from food allergies. 5.Introduction alien genes in mammalian cells, in particular human rights, dangerously the emergence monsters and hybrids. 6. In Russia there is no legislation on genetically-modified products,People often do not have information on the покупаемом them with product information, which can be harmful.lord Conclusion: conclusion and any achievement as well as science, advances genetic engineering can be used not only for the benefit of,But in harm a person. Specifically studies have shown that the risk of uncontrolled proliferation of hybrid (recombinant) DNA is not as great as had been previously.Hybrid DNA and axle their bacteria have proved to be very volatile in the environment, survive in the human organism and animals in the event of accidental infiltration. It is known,That in nature, and without human intervention there are conditions, which provide exchange of genetic information (the so-called gene flow).However, the accidental penetration into the body contrasts sharply genetic information nature has established many effective barriers.When working with a hybrid DNA molecules is sufficient conventional precautionary measures, which apply, for example, samples are being collected when working with infectious material.For special cases have developed effective ways to biological protection and physical isolation pilot sites from human rights and the environment.