The first houses were built for the

The first houses were built for the purpose of protecting their owners from the weather and, therefore, were very simple – a roof to keep off the rain or snow, and walls to keep out the wind.

The building erected now can be divided into two broad classifications: they are either for housing or for industrial purposes.

As far as the material is concerned, the building can be divided into stone (or brick), wood and concrete types. The brick is an artificial material made of clay then burnt to harden it. The natural stone (rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundation for external walls carrying the load. The buildings made of stone or brick are durable, fire-proof and have poor heat conductivity.

The tiers of levels which divide a building into stages or stories are called floors. These may be of timber but in stone buildings they are made of ferro-concrete details in great and small sizes.

The coverings or upper parts of buildings constructed over to keep out rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to the weather, are called roofs. These should tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the construction.

Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional in various parts. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple without any excesses.

Any building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating system.

Getting water into the house is called plumbing. The plumbers have also to get the water out after it has been used. The first part of this problem is called water supply and the second one is called drainage or sewerage.



II

Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and followed its progress with interest. First the excavation is dug for a basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.

The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully designed proportioned.

The architect or designer must decide, what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the framework, will be and how they will be placed and arranged.

Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.

Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and settling which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.

Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.

Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather. They tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure.



III

Turnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility for the project construction and commissioning.

The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey and design work, as well as to work out basic and detailed engineering* and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor’s highly qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction works, carrying out installation, start up and adjustment operations*.

After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is tasting, checking and meeting other requirements, which are specified in the technical handbooks.

As soon as all works is respect of the precommissioning are completed and the projects is ready for the precommissioning, the contractor notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The contractor begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does the issue of the Completion Certificate.

The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning to make sure that the project will rich the designed performance.

Operational acceptance of the project takes place when the guarantee test has been successfully completed and the guarantees met. As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that the project could normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period.

Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. They are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer.

Результаты (английский) 1:

The first houses were built for the purpose of protecting their owners from the weather and, therefore, were very simple-a roof to keep off the rain or snow, and walls to keep out the wind.The building erected now can be divided into two broad classifications: they are either for housing or for industrial purposes.As far as the material is concerned, the building can be divided into stone (or brick), wood and concrete types. The brick is an artificial material made of clay then burnt to harden it. The natural stone (rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundation for external walls carrying the load. The buildings made of stone or brick are durable, fire-proof and have poor heat limited.The tiers of levels which divide a building into stages or stories are so-called floors. These may be of timber but in stone buildings they are made of ferro-concrete details in the great and small sizes.The coverings or upper parts of buildings constructed over to keep out rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to the weather, are so-called roofs. These should tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the construction.Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional in various parts. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple without any excesses.Any building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating system.Getting water into the house is called plumbing. The plumbers have also to get the water out after it has been used. The first part of this problem is called water supply and the second one is called drainage or sewerage. IIAlmost everybody saw the construction of a building and followed its progress with interest. First the excavation is dug for a basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully designed proportioned.The architect or designer must decide, what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the framework, will be and how they will be placed and arranged.Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and settling which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather. They tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure. IIITurnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility for the project construction and commissioning.The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey and design work, as well as to work out basic and detailed engineering* and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor’s highly qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction works, carrying out installation, start up and adjustment operations*.After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is tasting, checking and meeting other requirements, which are specified in the technical handbooks.As soon as all works is respect of the precommissioning are completed and the projects is ready for the precommissioning, the contractor notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The contractor begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does the issue of the Completion Certificate.The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning to make sure that the project will rich the designed performance.Operational acceptance of the project takes place when the guarantee test has been successfully completed and the guarantees met. As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that the project could normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period.Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. They are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Of The first houses Were a built for the purpose of Protecting Their owners from the weather and, therefore, Were very simple - a roof to the keep off the rain or snow, and walls to the keep out the wind.

Of The building erected now! Just CAN the BE DIVIDED Into to two two Classifications Broad: for They are an either for housing or for industrial Purposes.

of As far the as with the material is the concerned, the building the BE DIVIDED CAN Into stone (brick or), wood and concrete types. The brick is an artificial material made of clay then burnt to harden it. The natural stone (rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundation for external walls carrying the load. Buildings made of of The stone or brick are durable to, of fire-proof and have poor heat conductivity.

Of The tiers of a levels the which the divide a building Into Stages or stories are Called floors. For These may the BE of timber But in stone buildings for They are made of ferro-concrete details in great and small sizes.

Of The Coverings or upper parts of buildings Constructed over to the keep out rain and wind and to of preserve the interior from exposure to the weather, are called roofs. Should the tie the for These walls and give strength and firmness to the construction.

Every building a must in the BE beautiful appearance and proportional in Various parts. Should the BE interior of The Planned to suit the 'requirements of the occupants' while' the the the exterior a must the BE simple without the any excesses.

Any For building Should the BE Provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating system.

The Getting water Into the house is Called The plumbing. The plumbers have also to get the water out after it has been used. Of first part of The the this problem is Called water supply and the: second one's is Called or drainage of sewerage.



II of

by Almost everybody SAW the construction of a building and its' Followed with a progress Interest. First the excavation is dug for a basement , then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; the this the framework is the after is erected and clothed with Various finishing materials and protected, by Several coats of-paint.

of The part upon the which the stability of the structure is the framework is the depends. It is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed. Of The floors, walls, roofs and OTHER parts of the building a must the BE Carefully designed proportioned.

Of The architect or designer a must Decide feature, what the size bed of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, the which the make up closeup the framework is, will of the BE and how of for They will of the BE Placed and arranged.

Here are the main parts of a building and Their functions the.

Foundations the serve to the keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard Them Against the the action of frost, to Prevent Them from and the which Settling Sinking a cause cracks in walls and Uneven floors.

Floors Into the divide the building stories. They may be either of timber or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. USED for materials of The the walls the BE CAN construction brick, stone, concrete and natural or artificial OTHER materials.

Roofs cover the building and protect IT from exposure to the weather. The tie the walls for They and give strength and firmness to the structure.



III of

Turnkey construction is of the type of the assistance in building Different facilities. With In the this a case the employer Engages the contractor to design, Manufacture, test, a deliver, the install, the complete and Commission a Certain project and the contractor undertakes full Responsibility for the project construction and commissioning.

Of The contractor the then undertakes Endeavors to Conduct a survey and design work , as well as to work out basic and detailed engineering * and supply equipment. Of As a to rule, the contractor's highly qualified Specialists are made Responsible for doing part or full construction works, Carrying out installation, the start up closeup and adjustment the Operations *.

Of After the construction is completed the precommissioning STARTS, That is tasting, checking and meeting OTHER 'requirements, are specified 'in the which the Contents Technical Handbooks.

of As soon's as with all works is Respect of the precommissioning are completed and the projects' is the ready for the precommissioning, the contractor Notifies the engineer Have (by Project manager Have) with the the message. Of The contractor Begins the commissioning immediately the after the engineer Have does the issue of the the Completion the Certificate.

Of The contractor Carries out the guarantee test DURING the commissioning to the make sure the That the project will of rich the designed performance.

Operational Hour Acceptance of the project Takes PLACE the when the guarantee test has been successfully completed and the guarantees met . To rule a the of As contractor supplies spare parts SO That Could the project Normally the operate DURING the maintenance guarantee period.

Turnkey Contracts are the always a long-TERM undertakings involving Several Parties, for Among Them States Foreign and local subcontractors. They are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer.