Materials Science and Technology is

Materials Science and Technology is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation. That is, the materials return their original size and form when the external force disappears. The materials may also have permanent deformation or they may fracture. The results of external forces are creep and fatigue.Compression is a pressure causing a decrease in volume. When a material is subjected to a bending, shearing, or torsion (twisting) force, both tensile and compressive forces are simultaneously at work. When a metal bar is bent, one side of it is stretched and subjected to a tensional force, and the other side is compressed.Tension is a pulling force; for example, the force in a cable holding a weight. Under tension, a material usually stretches, returning to its original length if the force does not exceed the material's elastic limit. Under larger tensions, the material does not return completely to its original condition, and under greater forces the material ruptures.Fatigue is the growth of cracks under stress. It occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress, such as vibration. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the elastic limit, failure of the material can occur even after a short time. No deformation is seen during fatigue, but small localized cracks develop and propagate through the material until the remaining cross-sectional area cannot support the maximum stress of the cyclic force. Knowledge of tensile stress, elastic limits, and the resistance of materials to creep and fatigue are of basic importance in engineering.Creep is a slow, permanent deformation that results from a steady force acting on a material. Materials at high temperatures usually suffer from this deformation. The gradual loosening of bolts and the deformation of components of machines and engines are all the examples of creep. In many cases the slow deformation stops because deformation eliminates the force causing the creep. Creep extended over a long time finally leads to the rupture of the material.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Materials Science and Technology is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.
Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation. That is, the materials return their original size and form when the external force disappears. The materials may also have permanent deformation or they may fracture. The results of external forces are creep and fatigue.
Compression is a pressure causing a decrease in volume. When a material is subjected to a bending, shearing, or torsion (twisting) force, both tensile and compressive forces are simultaneously at work. When a metal bar is bent, one side of it is stretched and subjected to a tensional force, and the other side is compressed.
Tension is a pulling force; for example, the force in a cable holding a weight. Under tension, a material usually stretches, returning to its original length if the force does not exceed the material's elastic limit. Under larger tensions, the material does not return completely to its original condition, and under greater forces the material ruptures.
Fatigue is the growth of cracks under stress. It occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress, such as vibration. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the elastic limit, failure of the material can occur even after a short time. No deformation is seen during fatigue, but small localized cracks develop and propagate through the material until the remaining cross-sectional area cannot support the maximum stress of the cyclic force. Knowledge of tensile stress, elastic limits, and the resistance of materials to creep and fatigue are of basic importance in engineering.
Creep is a slow, permanent deformation that results from a steady force acting on a material. Materials at high temperatures usually suffer from this deformation. The gradual loosening of bolts and the deformation of components of machines and engines are all the examples of creep. In many cases the slow deformation stops because deformation eliminates the force causing the creep. Creep extended over a long time finally leads to the rupture of the material.

Результаты (английский) 3:

材料科学与技术是研究材料以及如何制造出满足现代技术需要的材料。利用实验室技术和物理、化学和冶金知识，科学家们正在寻找使用金属、塑料和其他材料的新方法。
工程师必须知道材料对外力的反应，如拉伸、压缩、扭转、弯曲和剪切。所有材料通过弹性变形对这些力作出反应。也就是说，当外力消失时，材料会返回原来的尺寸和形状。材料也可能发生永久变形或断裂。外力作用的结果是蠕变和疲劳。
压缩是导致体积减小的压力当材料受到弯曲、剪切或扭转（扭转）力时，拉伸和压缩力同时起作用。当金属棒弯曲时，它的一边被拉伸并受到张力的作用，另一边被压缩。
张力是一种拉力；例如，在一根缆绳中支撑重物的力。在张力作用下，材料通常会拉伸，如果力不超过材料的弹性极限，则会回到原来的长度。在较大的张力下，材料不会完全恢复到原来的状态，在较大的力下，材料会破裂。
疲劳是应力作用下裂纹的扩展。当机械零件受到重复或循环应力（如振动）时发生。即使当最大应力从未超过弹性极限时，材料也会在短时间内发生失效。在疲劳过程中没有观察到变形，但是小的局部裂纹发展并通过材料传播，直到剩余的横截面积不能支持循环力的最大应力。了解材料的拉伸应力、弹性极限以及材料的抗蠕变和疲劳性能在工程中具有重要意义。
蠕变是一种缓慢的永久变形，是由作用在材料上的稳定力引起的。高温下的材料通常会遭受这种变形。螺栓的逐渐松动以及机器和发动机部件的变形都是蠕变的例子。在许多情况下，缓慢的变形停止是因为变形消除了引起蠕变的力。长期的蠕变最终导致材料断裂。