В целом рентгеновские лучи вырабаты

В целом рентгеновские лучи вырабатываются, когда электроны с высокой энергией ударяются о какой-либо объект. Сами лучи состоят не из электронов, а, скорее, из электромагнитных волн. Следовательно, в основе своей они похожи на видимое излучение (то есть световые волны), только длина их волн гораздо короче. Наиболее известным применением рентгеновских лучей, конечно, является их использование при установлении медицинских диагнозов и лечении зубов. Другое применение — радиотерапия, при которой лучи уничтожают злокачественные опухоли или прекращают их рост.

Также рентгеновские лучи имеют широкое индустриальное применение Например, их можно использовать для измерения плотности некоторых материалов или для обнаружения внутренних дефектов. Полезны эти лучи и во многих областях науки — от биологии до астрономии.
В результате дальнейших исследований учёный пришёл к выводу, что из трубки исходит неизвестное излучение, названное им впоследствии икс-лучами. Эксперименты Рентгена показали, что икс-лучи возникают в месте столкновения катодных лучей с преградой внутри катодной трубки (тормозное излучение ускоренных электронов). Учёный сделал трубку специальной конструкции — антикатод был плоским, что обеспечивало интенсивный поток икс-лучей. Благодаря этой трубке (она впоследствии будет названа рентгеновской) он в течение нескольких недель изучил и описал основные свойства ранее неизвестного излучения, которое получило название рентгеновского.

Как оказалось, икс-излучение способно проникать сквозь многие непрозрачные материалы; при этом оно не отражается и не преломляется. Прозрачность веществ по отношению к исследованным лучам зависела не только от толщины слоя, но и от состава вещества. Рентгеновское излучение ионизирует окружающий воздух. Оно заставляет флюоресцировать ряд материалов (кроме платиноцианистого бария, это свойство было обнаружено Рентгеном у кальцита, обычного и уранового стекла, каменной соли и т. д.). Оно обладает гораздо большей проникающей способностью, чем катодные лучи, и, в отличие от них, не отклоняется магнитным полем. Также Рентген обнаружил, что, хотя глаз не реагирует на излучение, оно засвечивает фотопластинки; им были сделаны первые снимки с помощью рентгеновского излучения[3]. Поскольку излучение во многих свойствах было подобно свету, в своём первом сообщении об открытии (декабрь 1895) Рентген осторожно предположил, что оно является продольными упругими колебаниями эфира, в отличие от света, который тогдашняя физика считала поперечными колебаниями эфира[3].

Открытие немецкого учёного очень сильно повлияло на развитие науки. Эксперименты и исследования с использованием рентгеновских лучей помогли получить новые сведения о строении вещества, которые вместе с другими открытиями того времени заставили пересмотреть целый ряд положений классической физики. Исследования, связанные с рентгеновскими лучами, вскоре привели к открытию радиоактивности: А. Беккерель, М. и П. Кюри. Через короткий промежуток времени рентгеновские трубки нашли применение в медицине и различных областях техники.

К Рентгену не раз обращались представители промышленных фирм с предложениями о выгодной покупке прав на использование изобретения. Но учёный отказывался запатентовать открытие, так как не считал свои исследования источником дохода.

К 1919 году рентгеновские трубки получили широкое распространение и применялись во многих странах. Благодаря им появились новые направления науки и техники — рентгенология, рентгенодиагностика, рентгенометрия, рентгеноструктурный анализ и др.

Результаты (английский) 1:

In General, the x-rays are produced when high energy electrons to hit on any object. The rays are not themselves from electrons, but rather from electromagnetic waves. Therefore, they are similar to visible radiation (that is, light waves), but their length much shorter waves. The most famous application of x-rays, of course, is their use in establishing medical diagnoses and treatment of teeth. Another use is radiotherapy, where rays destroy malignant tumors or stop their growth.X-rays also have wide industrial application for example, they can be used to measure the density of certain materials or to detect internal defects. These rays are useful in many scientific fields, ranging from biology to astronomy.As a result of further research scientist concluded that from the tube comes an unknown radiation, named them subsequently, x-rays. X-ray experiments showed that the x-rays originate in the place of cathode rays collision with a barrier inside the cathode tubes (bremsstrahlung accelerated electrons). The scientist made a tube special design — antikatod was flat, that provide high flow x-rays. Through this tube (it would later be named x-ray) he studied for several weeks and described the basic properties of the previously unknown radiation, called x-ray.As it turned out, x rays can penetrate many opaque materials; It is not reflected and refracted No. Transparency vis-à-vis the substances studied rays depended not only on the layer thickness, but also on the composition of the substance. X-ray radiation ionizes the surrounding air. It makes flûorescirovat′ a number of materials (except barium platinocianistogo, this property was discovered by Röntgen at calcite, conventional and uranium glass, salt, etc.). It has a much greater penetrating power than the cathode rays, and, unlike them, is not rejected by a magnetic field. Roentgen also discovered that although the eye reacts to light it it photographic plates; they were the first shots with the help of x-rays [3]. Since radiation in many properties like light, in his first message on opening (December 1895) the X-ray gently suggested that it is longitudinal elastic vibrations of ether, in contrast to the light that contemporary physics considered transverse vibrations of ether [3].The opening German physicist very strongly influenced the development of science. Experiments and studies using x-rays helped get new information about the structure of a substance, which, together with other discoveries of the time forced to reconsider several provisions of classical physics. Research related to x-rays, soon led to the discovery of radioactivity: Becquerels, m. and p. Curie. After a short period of time x-ray tubes found applications in medicine and various fields of technology.The X-ray have repeatedly appealed representatives of industrial firms with proposals on bargain buying the rights to use the invention. But the scientist refused to patent the discovery, because it did not consider its research income.The year 1919 x-ray tubes have been widely disseminated and applied in many countries. Thanks to them new directions of science and technology — roentgenology, radiology medical services, rentgenometriâ, x-ray structure analysis, etc.

Результаты (английский) 2:

In general, X-rays are produced when high energy electrons impinge on an object. Rays themselves do not consist of electrons, but rather of the electromagnetic waves. Therefore, in essence they are similar to visible radiation (ie, light waves), only the length of their wave is much shorter. The most known use of X-rays, of course, is their use in establishing medical diagnosis and treatment of teeth. Another application - Radiotherapy at which rays kill malignant tumor or stop their growth.

Also, X-rays have a wide industrial application for example, they can be used to measure the density of certain materials or to detect internal defects. These rays are useful in many areas of science -. From biology to astronomy,
a result of further study, the researchers came to the conclusion that the proceeds of the tubes unknown radiation, which he called X-rays later. Experiments Roentgen showed that X-rays are produced at the site of the collision with the barrier of the cathode ray tube within the cathode (Bremsstrahlung of accelerated electrons). The scientist made a tube of special design - anticathode was flat that provides an intense flow of X-rays. Through this tube (which will later be called X-ray), he spent several weeks studied and described the basic properties of a previously unknown radiation, which became known as the X-ray.

As it turned out, the X-radiation can penetrate many opaque materials; thus it is not reflected or refracted. Transparency substances investigated with respect to rays depended not only on the thickness but also on the composition of the substance. X-rays ionize the surrounding air. It makes a number of materials fluoresce (except platinotsianistogo barium, this property was discovered by Roentgen in calcite, conventional and uranium glass, rock salt, and so on. D.). It has a much more penetrating than the cathode rays, and, in contrast, is not deflected by the magnetic field. Radiography also found that, although the eye does not respond to radiation, it illuminates a photographic plate; their first pictures with X-ray radiation [3] have been made. Since the radiation in many of the properties was like the light, in its first report on the opening (December 1895) X-ray gently suggested that it is the longitudinal elastic vibrations of the ether, in contrast to the light that the then physicists believe transverse vibrations of the ether. [3]

The opening of the German scientist greatly influenced the development of science. Experiments and studies using X-rays help to get new information about the structure of matter, which together with other discoveries of that time forced to reconsider a number of provisions of classical physics. Studies related to X-rays, soon led to the discovery of radioactivity: Becquerel, M. and Pierre Curie. After a short time X-ray tubes have been used in medicine and various fields of technology.

By Roentgen repeatedly approached by representatives of industrial firms with offers of favorable purchase rights to use the invention. But the scientist refused to patent the discovery, since it is not considered a source of income their studies.

By 1919, X-ray tubes are widely used and applied in many countries. Thanks to them, there are new areas of science and technology - radiology, X-ray diagnostics, roentgenometer, X-ray analysis and others.

Результаты (английский) 3:

in general, the x-rays are produced when electrons with high energy ударяются on any object. the rays are not the electrons themselves, but, rather, of the electromagnetic waves. therefore, in the way they look similar to the visible spectrum (i.e. light waves), but their wave length is much shorter. the most famous use of the x-ray is, of course, their use in the medical diagnosis and treatment of teeth. another application of the radiotherapy in which rays destroy malignant tumors or stop their growth.the x-ray beams have wide industrial application, for example, can be used to measure the density of certain materials or for the detection of internal defects. these are useful in many areas of science, from biology to astronomy.as a result of further research, the scientist found that the tube is of unknown radiation called them subsequently, x rays. x-ray experiments showed that x - rays are in collision with the barrier inside the cathode cathode ray tube (bremsstrahlung accelerated electrons). the scientist made up of special construction is антикатод was flat, so as to ensure the flow of x - rays. the tube (she would later be named x-ray) for several weeks, examined and described the basic properties of previously unknown radiation which has received the name of x-ray.as it turns out, x - rays can penetrate through many opaque material, while it is not reflected and refracted. transparent substances in relation to the исследованным rays depend not only on the thickness of the layer, but also on the composition of the substance. x-ray radiation is ionising the air. it makes флюоресцировать several materials (except платиноцианистого barium, this property was discovered x-rays from calcite, customary and uranium glass, rock salt and so on. d.). it has a much greater penetrating power than the cathode rays, and, in contrast, was rejected by the magnetic field. also, x-ray found that, although the eye not responding to radiation, it reveals фотопластинки; they were first made pictures by x-ray radiation [3]. since the radiation in many properties like light in a first communication opening (december 1895) x-ray gently suggest that it is the longitudinal fluctuations in air, in contrast to the light which the physics thought transverse fluctuations in [3].the opening of the german scientist very much influenced the development of science. experiments and studies using x-ray helped get new information describing substances that