28. Социально-экономическая политик

28. Социально-экономическая политика Советской власти: «Военный коммунизм» и НЭП. Причины и последствия.
После окончания гражданской войны страна оказалась в тяжелейшем положении, столкнулась с глубоким экономическим и политическим кризисом. Из-за отсутствия транспорта и топлива большинство предприятий стояло; невиданная эмиссия (денежное обращение увеличилось в 127 раз). В стране было 7 млн. беспризорных детей. Огромные масштабы приобрели эпидемии тифа, холеры, оспы. В связи с засухой разразился голод в Поволжье. Волнения охватили деревню, которая^ была недовольна продовольственной разверсткой. Летом 1920 г. в Тамбовской и Воронежской губерниях вспыхнули крестьянские восстания под руководством А.С. Антонова. Партизанское антисоветское крестьянское движение ширилось в Сибири. Начались волнения в Москве и Петрограде: рабочие бастовали и требовали отмены спецпайков. К 1920 г. число рабочих сократилось в 2 раза, многие были безработными или уходили в деревню. В марте 1921 г. разразился Кронштадтский мятеж. Матросы, выражая интересы рабочих и крестьян, требовали свободы слова, собрания, многопартийных выборов в Советы, свободы торговли, отмены продразверстки. Кризис большевистской партии: началась дискуссия о профсоюзах, сформировалось несколько платформ, разгорелась дискуссия о внутрипартийной демократии, что грозило расколом. Понимая опасность потери власти, на X съезде РКП (б) В.И. Ленин настоял на принятии резолюции «О единстве партии», которая запрещала создавать какие-либо платформы и фракции внутри партии. На X съезде РКП (б) в марте 1921 г. только на седьмой день работы съезда был поставлен вопрос о замене разверстки продналогом. Новая экономическая политика (нэп) как политический курс была принята в мае 1921г. Черты НЭПа: 1)замена разверстки продналогом, который был в 2 раза меньше разверстки. Размер его объявлялся весной и не мог быть увеличен в течение года. После его сдачи крестьянин мог свободно торговать; 2) государственные предприятия переводились на хозрасчет, на самоокупаемость и самофинансирование. Предприятия могли сами распоряжаться прибылью, вводилось материальное стимулирование рабочих; 3) начался процесс формирования нэповской буржуазии, основной сферой деятельности которой была торговля. Мелкие и средние предприятия возвращались их прежним владельцам. Разрешалась аренда помещений, земли, техники. 4) развивалась кооперация (производственная, сбытовая, потребительская, кредитная); 5) функционировали торговые биржи, обращались банковские акции и ценные бумаги; 6) к 1924 г. в стране была проведена денежная реформа, выпущен золотой рубль - твердая конвертируемая валюта; 7) монополия внешней торговли была у государства, но были разрешены концессии и совместные предприятия с иностранными фирмами. Экономические процессы в период НЭПа накладывались на политическое развитие и в значительной степени определялись последним. Процессы эти на протяжении всего периода Советской власти характеризовались тяготением к диктатуре, авторитаризму. Следствием однопартийности стало сращивание партии и правительства. Одни и те же люди занимали главные должности и в партийных (Политбюро), и в государственных органах (СНК. ВЦИК и т. д.). Партия, став правящей, стала нуждаться в увеличении своей численности для того, чтобы заполнить государственные посты всех уровней. Это привело к быстрому росту численности коммунистической партии после революции. В связи с ростом партии всё большее значение стала приобретать поначалу незаметная должность секретаря. Любой секретарь — должность второстепенная по определению. Это человек, который при проведении официальных мероприятий следит за соблюдением необходимых формальностей. В партии большевиков с апреля 1922 года существовала должность генерального секретаря. Он соединял руководство секретариатом ЦК и учётно-распределительным отделом, который распределял партийцев нижнего уровня по различным должностям. Должность эту получил Сталин. Вскоре началось расширение привилегий верхнего слоя членов партии. С1926 года этот слой получил и особое имя — «номенклатура». Так стали называть партийно-государственные должности, входящие в перечень должностей, назначение на которые подлежало утверждению в Учётнораспределительном отделе ЦК. Процессы бюрократизации партии и централизации власти проходили на фоне резкого ухудшения здоровья Ленина. Собственно, год введения НЭПа стал для него последним годом полноценной жизни. Понимая, что его дни сочтены, он пытался обратить внимание делегатов съезда на самую опасную тенденцию — на перерождение партии. Считал, что пост генерального секретаря даёт Сталину слишком большую власть, опасную при его грубости.

Результаты (английский) 1:

28. the socio-economic policy of the Soviet regime: "war communism" and NEP. Causes and consequences.After the civil war, the country was in a dire situation, faced with deep economic and political crisis. Due to the lack of transport and fuel most businesses stood; an unprecedented issue (money has increased 127 times). There were 7 million. street children. The enormity of the acquired typhoid, cholera, smallpox. Drought-related famine broke out in the Volga region. The unrest spread village which ^ were unhappy with food assessed. In the summer of 1920, in Tambov and Voronezh provinces under the leadership of the peasant uprising erupted A.s. Antonova. The anti-Soviet guerrilla peasant movement grew in Siberia. Unrest broke out in Moscow and Petrograd workers were on strike and demanded: cancel specpajkov. By 1920, the number of workers decreased in 2 times, many were unemployed or left in the village. In March 1921, Kronstadt rebellion broke out.. Sailors, expressing the interests of workers and peasants, demanding freedom of speech, Assembly, multi-party elections in Tips, free trade, the abolition of the prodrozkladky. The crisis of the Bolshevik Party: started the debate about trade unions, formed several platforms, a discussion about internal democracy, which faced a split. Realizing the danger of losing power on the X Congress of the RCP (b) V.i. Lenin insisted on the adoption of the resolution "on the unity of the party, which prohibited to create any platform and factions within the party. The X Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in March 1921, only on the seventh day of the Congress was asked to replace schedule prodpodatkom. The new economic policy (NEP) how the policy was adopted in May 1921. Characteristics of the NEP: 1) replacement schedule of prodpodatkom, who was in 2 times lower assessments. The size of its announced in the spring and could not be increased during the year. After delivery the farmer could trade freely; 2) State enterprises were transferred to self-financing, self-support and self-financing. Enterprises can dispose of profits imposed material incentives for workers; 3) began the process of forming nèpovskoj of the bourgeoisie, whose main activity was trade. Small and medium-sized enterprises returned to their former owners. Authorized the lease of premises, land, equipment. 4) developed cooperatives (production, sales, consumer credit); 5) trading exchange, contacted Bank shares and securities; 6) to 1924 in the country currency reform, released Golden ruble-hard convertible currency; 7) monopoly on foreign trade was in the State but was allowed concessions and joint ventures with foreign firms. Economic processes during the NEP imposed on political development, and to a large extent determined by the latter. These processes during the entire period of Soviet rule was characterized by tendency to dictatorship, authoritarianism. The consequence was the replacement of the merging parties and the Government. The same people occupied the top positions in the Party (political Bureau), and in State bodies (JNC. VCIK, etc.). The party, becoming the ruling became their number increases, the need to fill public positions at all levels. This led to rapid growth of the Communist Party after the revolution. Due to the growth of the party has become more important at first discreet Secretary. Any Secretary — the post secondary. This is a man who when holding official events monitors compliance with the necessary formalities. The Bolshevik Party in April 1922 years existed as Secretary-General. He joined the leadership of the Secretariat of the CENTRAL COMMITTEE and financial-distribution Division, which is distributed to members of the lowest level on various posts. This post received a Stalin. Soon began expanding the privileges of the upper layer of party members. S1926 year this layer has received and the special name — "nomenclature". So became known as the party-government posts included in the list of posts, appointment to which was approved by the Učëtnoraspredelitel′nom Department of the CENTRAL COMMITTEE. The party bureaucracy and processes of centralization of power took place against a backdrop of a sharp deterioration in the health of Lenin. Actually, the year of introduction of the NEP became his last year of life. Realizing that his days are numbered, he tried to draw the attention of delegates to the dangerous trend is the rebirth of the party. Believed that the Secretary-General's post gives too much power to Stalin, dangerous when his of coarseness.

Результаты (английский) 2:

28. Socio-economic policy of the Soviet power "war communism" and NEP. Causes and consequences.
After the Civil War the country was in a difficult situation, faced with deep economic and political crisis. Due to the lack of transport and fuel, most enterprises stood; unprecedented emission (monetary circulation increased by 127 times). There were 7 million. Street children. The enormity of acquired epidemic typhus, cholera, smallpox. Due to drought, famine struck in the Volga region. The unrest swept the village, which ^ was dissatisfied with the food requisitioning. In the summer of 1920 in the Tambov and Voronezh provinces broke peasant uprisings led by AS Antonova. Partisan anti-Soviet peasant movement shirilos in Siberia. Unrest began in Moscow and Petrograd: the workers went on strike and demanded the abolition of spetspayki. By 1920, the number of workers decreased by 2 times, many were unemployed or left the village. In March 1921, the Kronstadt rebellion broke out. The men, expressing the interests of the workers and peasants, demanded freedom of speech, assembly, multi-party elections to the Soviets, freedom of trade, the abolition of the surplus. The crisis of the Bolshevik Party: started discussion on the trade unions, was formed several platforms, inflamed debate about inner-party democracy, which threatened to split. Realizing the danger of the loss of power at the X Congress of the RCP (b), VI Lenin insisted on the adoption of the resolution "On Party Unity", which is prohibited to put any platform and fractions within the party. On the X Congress of the RCP (B) in March 1921 only on the seventh day of the Congress raised the question of the surplus tax in kind replacement. The New Economic Policy (NEP) as a political policy was adopted in May 1921. NEP Features: 1) replacement of the surplus tax in kind, which was 2 times less than the surplus. The size of it was declared in the spring and could not be increased during the year. After his passing peasant could trade freely; 2) state-owned enterprises were transferred to self-sufficiency, self-sufficiency and self-financing. Companies can themselves dispose of profit, introduced financial incentives of workers; 3) the process of the formation of the NEP bourgeoisie, whose main activity was trade. Small and medium-sized enterprises returned to their former owners. Allowed to rent premises, land, equipment. 4) develop cooperation (production, marketing, consumer, credit); 5) functioned trade exchanges, accessed bank shares and securities; ; Hard convertible currency - 6) by 1924 gold ruble monetary reform was carried out, issued in the country 7) the monopoly of foreign trade was with the state, but were allowed concessions and joint ventures with foreign firms. Economic processes in the period of the NEP were superimposed on the political development and to a large extent determined by the latter. These processes throughout the entire period of Soviet power were characterized by tendency towards dictatorship, authoritarianism. The result was a one-party merging party and the government. The same people occupy key positions in the party (the Politburo), and in government (SNK. Central Executive Committee, and so on. D.). The party became the ruling, was the need to increase their number in order to fill government posts at all levels. This led to the rapid growth of the Communist Party after the revolution. In connection with the growth of the party has become increasingly important to acquire initially inconspicuous post of Secretary. Any secretary - a post secondary by definition. This is a man who during the official events monitors compliance with the necessary formalities. The Bolshevik Party from April 1922 there was the position of General Secretary. He joined the Secretariat of the Central Committee leadership and Accounting and distribution department, which distributed the low-level party members in various positions. Position the Stalin received. Soon began the expansion of the upper layer of the privileges of party members. S1926, this layer also received a special name - "nomenclature". It became known as the party and government posts included in the list of posts, the appointment of which was subject to approval by the Department of the Central Committee in Uchёtnoraspredelitelnom. Processes bureaucratisation of the party and the centralization of power took place against the background of a sharp deterioration in the health of Lenin. Actually, the year the introduction of the NEP was the last year of full life for him. Realizing that his days are numbered, he tried to draw the attention of the delegates to the most dangerous trend - on the degeneration of the party. He considered that the post of General Secretary Stalin gives too much power, dangerous at his rudeness.

Результаты (английский) 3:

28. social and economic policies of the soviet government, "the military коммунизм» and nep. the causes and effects.after the end of the civil war, the country is in a dire situation, faced deep economic and political crisis. because of the lack of transport and fuel most of the businesses were; amazing "(money circulation increased to 127 times). there were 7 million. street children. the enormity of the acquired epidemic typhus, cholera, smallpox. due to the drought affected the russian famine of 1921. unrest in the village, which was not satisfied with the food разверсткой ^. in the summer of 1920. in тамбовской and voronezh provinces peasant rebellions erupted under the leadership of 2009. antonov. guerrilla антисоветское peasant movement has featured growing in siberia. unrest began in moscow and petrograd workers were striking and demanded the abolition of спецпайков. in 1920. the number of workers has declined in 2 times, many were unemployed or left in the village. in march 1921. of kronstadt rebellion erupted. sailors, expressing the interests of the workers and peasants demanded freedom of speech, assembly, multiparty elections to councils, freedom of trade, the abolition of продразверстки. the crisis of the bolshevik party, began a discussion about trade unions, a few platforms, there was discussion of democracy within the party, that was split. realizing the danger of a loss of power in the x congress of the russian communist party (bolsheviks) v.i. lenin insisted on the adoption of the resolution "on the unity party, which prohibited the creation of any platform and factions within the party. in the x congress of the russian communist party (bolsheviks) in march 1921. but on the seventh day of the congress, the question was raised продналогом replacement schedule. the new economic policy (nep) policy was adopted in may 1921г. the нэпа: (1) the replacement schedule продналогом, which was two times less than the schedule. the size of its adoption in spring and could not be increased during the year. after the farmer was free trade; (2) the state enterprises have been transferred to assign self accounting responsibilities, self-supporting and self financing. enterprises can take charge of profit, has imposed financial incentives for workers; (3) began the process of the formation of the нэповской main activity which was trade. small and medium-sized enterprises returned to their former owners. makes rental of premises, land, technology. 4) develop cooperation (production, marketing, consumer, credit); 5) operated trade exchanges, have bank shares and securities; (6) in 1924. in the country has made monetary reform, released the golden ruble convertible currency is strong; (7) the monopoly of foreign trade was with the state, but was allowed concessions and joint ventures with иностранн